Editing Recall (memory) (section)

==In popular culture==
Memory phenomena are rich sources of storylines and novel situations in popular media. Two phenomena that appear regularly are total recall abilities and amnesia.

===Total recall===
[[File:Jorge Luis Borges 1951, by Grete Stern.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Jorge Luis Borge|''[[Jorge Luis Borges]]'' in 1951]]

The Argentinean author, [[Jorge Luis Borges]] wrote the short story ''[[Funes the Memorious]]'' in 1944. It depicts the life of Ireneo Funes, a fictional character who falls off his horse and experiences a head injury. After this accident, Funes has total recall abilities. He is said to recall an entire day with no mistakes, but this feat of recall takes him an entire day to accomplish. It is said that Borges was ahead of his time in his description of memory processes in this story, as it was not until the 1950s and research on the patient HM that some of what the author describes began to be understood.<ref name="Quiroga">{{cite journal | last1 = Quiroga | first1 = R. Q. | year = 2010 | title = In Retrospect: Funes the Memorious | journal = Nature | volume = 463 | issue = 7281| page = 611 | doi=10.1038/463611a| bibcode = 2010Natur.463..611Q | doi-access = free }}</ref> A more recent instance of total recall in literature is found in 
is in Stieg Larsson's books ''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]'', in which the lead character, Lisbeth Salander remembers anything she reads, indicating she has total recall ability. Another example is in Dan Brown's books ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'' and ''[[Angels & Demons]]'', in which the main character, Dr. Robert Langdon, a religious iconography and symbology professor at Harvard University, has almost total recall ability. In ''[[The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime]]'' by Mark Haddon, the main character, Christopher Boone, is a 15-year-old autistic boy with total recall abilities.<ref>The Curious incident of the dog in the night-time. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/childrens/grownups/davidficklingbooks/curious/[http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/childrens/grownups/davidficklingbooks/curious/{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}]</ref>

Total recall is also popular in television. It can be seen in Season 4 of the television show "[[Criminal Minds]]", in which the character Dr. Spencer Reid claims to have total recall ability.<ref>"Criminal Minds" (2005) - Memorable Quotes. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0452046/quotes [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0452046/quotes]</ref> Agent [[Fox Mulder]] from the television show "[[The X-Files]]" has a [[photographic memory]], a popular term for total recall.<ref>BBC - Cult - X-Files - personal file: Fox Mulder. (2005, September). Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/xfiles/personnel/mulder.shtml [https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/xfiles/personnel/mulder.shtml]</ref> Also, the character of hospital resident Lexie Grey on the television show "[[Grey's Anatomy]]" has total recall ability.<ref>Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) - Bio - Grey's Anatomy - ABC.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from {{cite web |url=http://abc.go.com/shows/greys-anatomy/bio/lexie-grey/94915 |title=Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) Bio - Grey's Anatomy - ABC.com |access-date=2013-07-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605141717/http://abc.go.com/shows/greys-anatomy/bio/lexie-grey/94915 |archive-date=2011-06-05 }} {{cite web |url=http://abc.go.com/shows/greys-anatomy/bio/lexie-grey/94915 |title=Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) Bio - Grey's Anatomy - ABC.com |access-date=2013-07-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605141717/http://abc.go.com/shows/greys-anatomy/bio/lexie-grey/94915 |archive-date=2011-06-05 }}</ref>

===Amnesia===
Amnesia which is the damage or disruption of memory processes, has been a very popular subject in movies since 1915. Although its portrayal is usually inaccurate, there are some exceptions. ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'' (2000) is said to be inspired by the condition of the famous amnesic patient known as HM. The main character Leonard has anterograde amnesia after a traumatic attack in which his wife dies. He maintains his identity and shows very little retrograde amnesia. He also displays some of the daily memory problems that are experiences by most amnesics, such as forgetting names or where he is going. Another fairly accurate portrayal of memory disturbances is the non-human character Dory in ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' (2003). This fish, like Leonard, shows memory problems faced by most amnesics where she forgets names, has difficulty storing and recalling information, and often forgets what she is doing, or why she is doing something.

Movies tend to show amnesia as a result of head injury from accidents or attacks. The loss of identity and autobiographical memory shown in ''[[Santa Who?]]'' (2000) in which Santa has amnesia that destroys his identity and memory of himself is very unlikely in the real world. This is also portrayed in ''[[The Bourne Identity (2002 film)|The Bourne Identity]]'' (2002) and ''[[The Bourne Supremacy]]'' (2004) where the main character forgets he is a trained assassin. Another misrepresentation of the reality of memory loss in the movies can be seen in Clean Slate (1994) and [[50 First Dates]] (2004) where the characters are able to encode memory during the day but lose all memory of that day at night, while sleeping.

Movies often restore affected person's memory through a second trauma, or through a kind of cued recall when they revisit familiar places or see familiar objects. The phenomenon of the second trauma can be seen in ''Singing in the Dark'' (1956) where the affected individual experiences the onset of amnesia because of the trauma of the Holocaust, but memory is restored with a blow to the head. Although neurosurgery is often the cause of amnesia, it is seen as a solution in some movies, including ''Deluxe Annie'' (1918) and ''Rascals'' (1938).

Memory erasure is portrayed in ''[[Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind]]'' (2004) and in the ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]'' movies. ''Men in Black'' features a device to erase the potentially harmful memories of extraterrestrial interactions in members of the general public. ''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind'' describes a process that targets and erases memories of interpersonal relationships the patients would rather forget so that they are no longer able to recall the experience. In ''[[Paycheck (film)|Paycheck]]'' (2003) and ''[[Total Recall (1990 film)|Total Recall]]'' (1990) memory suppression is used to control and the characters are able to overcome the attempts and recall pieces of their memory.<ref name="Baxtendale">{{cite journal | last1 = Baxtendale | first1 = S | year = 2004 | title = Memories aren't made of this: Amnesia at the movies | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 329 | issue = 7480| pages = 1480–1483 | doi=10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1480 | pmid=15604191 | pmc=535990}}</ref>