Editing Spain (section)

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Spain}}
[[File:20140404193229!Cuatro Torres Business Area (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Cuatro Torres Business Area]] in [[Madrid]]]]
[[File:Torre_Glòries,_Barcelona_(51351746585).jpg|thumb|[[Torre Glòries]] and the [[22@]] business district in [[Barcelona]]]]
Spain has a [[mixed economy]] that [[Social market economy|combines elements]] of [[Free-market capitalist|free-market capitalism]] with [[Welfare spending|social welfare]] and [[Market intervention|state intervention]]. It is one of [[Trillion dollar club (macroeconomics)|19 countries]] with a [[Nominal GDP|nominal]] [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) exceeding $1 [[Trillion (short scale)|trillion]] per year, ranking [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|12th largest]] worldwide and [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|fourth largest]] both in the [[European Union]] and within the [[eurozone]]. Spain is classified as a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] by the [[World Bank]] and an [[advanced economy]] by the [[International Monetary Fund]]. As of 2024, it is the fastest growing major advanced economy in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lluch |first=Jorge |title=The real reason Spain's economy is bucking the trend of European decline |url=https://fortune.com/europe/2024/11/26/real-reason-spain-economy-bucking-trend-european-decline-starrtups-tech/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Fortune Europe |language=en}}</ref> growing nearly four times higher than the eurozone average.<ref name="economist.com">{{Cite news |title=Spain shows Europe how to keep up with America's economy |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2024/12/12/spain-shows-europe-how-to-keep-up-with-americas-economy |access-date=2024-12-14 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

Spain began [[Industrialisation|industrializing]] in the late 18th century, albeit more gradually and unevenly than other European countries; industry was limited mostly to Catalonia (primarily textile manufacturing) and the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] (iron and steel production).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-11 |title=Spain - Migration, Immigration, Emigration {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Migration#ref70285 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Overall economic growth was slower than in most major western European countries, and Spain remained relatively underdeveloped by the early 20th century.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Spanish Civil War]], followed by failed [[Autarky|autarkic]] and interventionist policies that were worsened by [[international isolation]], left the economy on the brink of collapse by the late 1950s. [[Technocracy|Technocratic]] reforms were enacted to avert the crisis, laying the groundwork for the [[Spanish miracle|Spanish economic miracle]], a period of rapid growth from 1960 until 1974, during which Spain's economy grew an average of 6.6 percent per year, exceeding every country except Japan.<ref name=":2" />

Since its [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition to democracy]] in the late 1970s, Spain has generally sought to [[Economic liberalization|liberalise]] its economy and deepen regional and international [[Economic integration|integration]]. It joined the [[European Economic Community]]—now the European Union—in 1986 and implemented policies and reforms that allowed for its participation in the inaugural launch of the euro in 1999. Spain's largest trade and investment partners are within the EU and eurozone, including its four largest export markets; EU membership also coincided with a tripling of [[foreign direct investment]] from 1990 to 2000. Spain was among the countries affected most by the [[2008 financial crisis]] and subsequent [[European debt crisis]], leading to the [[2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis]].

Spain has long struggled with high [[Unemployment in Spain|unemployment]], which has never fallen below 8 percent since the 1980s; it stood at 10.61 percent in January 2025.<ref name="unemployment2024">{{cite web|title=Economically Active Population Survey. Fourth Quarter 2024.|url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176918&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735976595|website=INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref> [[Youth unemployment in Spain|Youth unemployment]] is particularly severe by both global and regional standards; at 24.90 percent (as of January 2025), it is the highest among EU members and well above the EU average of 14.6 percent.<ref name="unemployment2024"/> Perennial weak points of Spain's economy include a large [[informal economy]];<ref>{{cite book|title=Invisible Factories: The Informal Economy and Industrial Development in Spain|publisher=SUNY Press|author=Benton, Lauren A. |date=1990}}</ref><ref>Roberto A. Ferdman, [https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/07/spains-black-market-economy-is-worth-20-of-its-gdp/277840/ Spain's Black Market Economy Is Worth 20% of Its GDP: One million Spanish people have jobs in the underground economy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911114536/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/07/spains-black-market-economy-is-worth-20-of-its-gdp/277840/|date=11 September 2017 }}, ''The Atlantic'' (16 July 2013)</ref><ref>Angel Alañón & M. Gómez-Antonio, [Estimating the size of the shadow economy in Spain: a structural model with latent variables], ''Applies Economics'', Vol 37, Issue 9, pp. 1011–1025 (2005).</ref> an education system that performs poorly compared to most developed countries;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/21/37392840.pdf|title=OECD report for 2006|access-date=9 August 2008|publisher=OECD|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191607/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/21/37392840.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008}}</ref> and low rates of private sector investment.<ref name="economist.com"/>

Since the 1990s, which saw a wave of [[privatization|privatisations]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salmon |first=K. |date=2001 |title=Privatisation of state-owned enterprises in Spain: redefining the political economy |url=https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/handle/2299/4282 |journal=International Journal of Iberian Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=136–147 |doi=10.1386/ijis.14.3.136 |issn=1364-971X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> several Spanish companies have reached multinational status; they maintain a strong and leading presence in Latin America—where Spain is the second largest foreign investor after the United States—but have also expanded into Asia, especially China and India.<ref name="Economist2009bet">{{cite news|date = 30 April 2009|access-date = 14 May 2009|title = A good bet?|newspaper = The Economist|series = Business|place = Madrid|url = http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13579705|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090504012604/http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13579705|archive-date = 4 May 2009 }}</ref> As of 2023, Spain was home to [[List of largest Spanish companies|eight of the 500 largest companies]] in the world by annual revenue, according to the ''Fortune Global 500;'' these include [[Banco Santander]], the [[List of largest banks|14th-largest banking institution]] in the world; [[electric utility]] [[Iberdrola]], the world's largest renewable energy operator;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/05/25/afx5046256.html|work=Forbes|title=Spain's Iberdrola signs investment accord with Gulf group Taqa|date=25 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607172216/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/05/25/afx5046256.html|archive-date=7 June 2010}}</ref> and {{Lang|es|[[Telefónica]]|italic=no}}, [[List of telephone operating companies|one of the largest telephone operators]] and [[List of mobile network operators|mobile network providers]]. Twenty Spanish companies are listed in the [[Forbes Global 2000|2023 ''Forbes'' Global 2000]] ranking of the 2,000 largest public companies, reflecting diverse sectors such as construction ([[ACS Group]]), aviation ([[ENAIRE]]), pharmaceuticals ([[Grifols]]), and transportation ([[Ferrovial]]).<ref name="Economist2009big">{{cite news|date = 8 April 2009|access-date = 14 May 2009|title = Big in America?|newspaper = The Economist|series = Business|place = Madrid|url = http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13447445|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090412092504/http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13447445|archive-date = 12 April 2009 }}</ref> Additionally, one of Spain's largest private sector entities is [[Mondragon Corporation]], the world's largest [[Worker cooperative|worker-owned cooperative]].

The [[automotive industry in Spain|automotive industry]] is one of the largest employers in the country and a major contributor to economic growth, accounting for one-tenth of [[gross domestic product]] and 18 percent of total exports (including vehicles and auto-parts). In 2023, Spain produced 2.45 million automobiles—of which over 2.1 million were exported abroad—ranking eighth in the world and second in Europe (after [[Germany]]) by total number.<ref name="ICEX">{{Cite news|url=https://www.investinspain.org/en/industries/automotive-mobility|title=Spain is the 2nd largest automaker in Europe and the 8th largest in the world|newspaper=ICEX-Invest in Spain|date=22 July 2024|via=investinspain.org}}</ref> In total, 89 percent of vehicles and 60% of auto-parts manufactured in Spain were exported worldwide in 2023; the total external trade surplus of vehicles alone reached €18.8bn in 2023. Overall, the automotive industry supports nearly 2 million jobs, or 9 percent of the labor force.<ref name="ICEX" />

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Spain}}
[[File:Vista de Benidorm, España, 2014-07-02, DD 65.JPG|thumb|[[Benidorm]], one of Europe's largest coastal tourist destinations]]
In 2024, Spain was the second most visited country in the world only behind [[France]], recording 94 million tourists.<ref name="spain2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=23984 |title=Tourist Movement on Borders |publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Spain)]] |date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="apnews2024">{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/spain-tourism-record-housing-crisis-c9ef4af335ac6194dc4a71f73c4af4eb |title=Spain sets a new record with 94 million international tourists last year |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=15 January 2025 |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref> The international tourist expenditure in 2024 was around 126 billion euros.<ref name="tourists2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=23994 |title=Touristic expenditure |publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Spain)]] |date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref> The headquarters of the [[World Tourism Organization|World Tourism Organisation]] are located in Madrid.

Spain's geographic location, popular coastlines, diverse landscapes, historical legacy, vibrant culture, and excellent infrastructure have made the country's international tourist industry among the largest in the world. Tourism in Spain is a major contributor to national economic life, with foreign and domestic tourism contributing to 12.3% of Spain's [[GDP]] in 2023.<ref name="ine">{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736169169&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735576863 |title=Tourism Satellite Account of Spain. Year 2023. |publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Spain)]]|website=ine.es}}</ref>

[[Castile and Leon]] is the Spanish leader in [[rural tourism]] linked to its environmental and architectural heritage.

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Spain}}
[[File:PS20andPS10.jpg|thumb|The [[Solucar Complex]], with the [[PS10 Solar Power Plant]] in the foreground and the [[PS20 solar power plant|PS20]] in the background]]

In 2010 Spain became the [[solar power in Spain|solar power]] world leader when it overtook the United States with a massive power station plant called [[Alvarado I|La Florida]], near [[Badajoz|Alvarado, Badajoz]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128532115|title=Spain Is World's Leader in Solar Energy|newspaper=NPR.org|publisher=NPR|date=15 July 2010|access-date=4 September 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919210041/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128532115|archive-date=19 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanfutureenergyforum.com/renewable-energy-news/spain-becomes-solar-power-world-leader|title=Spain becomes solar power world leader|publisher=Europeanfutureenergyforum.com|date=14 July 2010|access-date=4 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124024231/http://europeanfutureenergyforum.com/renewable-energy-news/spain-becomes-solar-power-world-leader|archive-date=24 November 2010 }}</ref> Spain is also Europe's main producer of wind energy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-05-spain-bilbao-european-power-sector.html|title=Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector|first=Alvaro|last=Villalobos|date=6 May 2018|access-date=6 July 2018|work=[[Phys.org]]|language=es|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224013552/https://phys.org/news/2018-05-spain-bilbao-european-power-sector.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.es/20180506/spains-bilbao-fights-to-lead-european-wind-power-sector|title=Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector|author=AFP|author-link=Agence France-Presse|date=6 May 2018|access-date=6 July 2018|work=[[The Local]]|language=es|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706161819/https://www.thelocal.es/20180506/spains-bilbao-fights-to-lead-european-wind-power-sector|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010 its wind turbines generated 16.4% of all electrical energy produced in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eolicenergynews.org/?p=4082|title=Spain becomes the first European wind energy producer after overcoming Germany for the first time|publisher=Eolic Energy News|date=31 December 2010|access-date=30 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427085056/http://www.eolicenergynews.org/?p=4082|archive-date=27 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeeolica.org/en|title=Asociación Empresarial Eólica – Spanish Wind Energy Association – Energía Eólica|publisher=Aeeolica|access-date=28 September 2018|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020220021/https://aeeolica.org/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Graber2005">{{cite news|last=Méndez|first=Rafael|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/eolica/supera/primera/vez/mitad/produccion/electrica/elpepusoc/20091109elpepisoc_2/Tes|title=La eólica supera por primera vez la mitad de la producción eléctrica|language=es|date=9 November 2009|work=El País|publisher=Ediciones El País|access-date=8 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513064239/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/eolica/supera/primera/vez/mitad/produccion/electrica/elpepusoc/20091109elpepisoc_2/Tes|archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref> On 9 November 2010, wind energy reached a historic peak covering 53% of mainland electricity demand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.renovablesmadeinspain.es/noticia/pagid/205/titulo/La%20e%C3%B3lica%20en%20Espa%C3%B1a%20bate%20de%20nuevo%20su%20marca%20de%20potencia%20instant%C3%A1nea/len/en/|title=Wind power in Spain breaks new instantaneous power record|publisher=renovablesmadeinspain.es|date=9 November 2010|access-date=5 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214141437/http://www.renovablesmadeinspain.es/noticia/pagid/205/titulo/La%20e%C3%B3lica%20en%20Espa%C3%B1a%20bate%20de%20nuevo%20su%20marca%20de%20potencia%20instant%C3%A1nea/len/en/|archive-date=14 December 2011}}</ref> and generating an amount of energy that is equivalent to that of 14 [[nuclear reactor]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/reactores/nucleares/movidos/viento/elpepusoc/20101109elpepusoc_4/Tes|title=14 reactores nucleares movidos por el viento|work=El País|date=9 November 2010|access-date=5 June 2011|archive-date=12 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033952/https://elpais.com/sociedad/2010/11/09/actualidad/1289257204_850215.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other renewable energies used in Spain are [[hydroelectric power plant|hydroelectric]], [[gasification of biomass|biomass]] and [[marine energy|marine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://revista.consumer.es/web/es/20050501/medioambiente/69696.php|title=La Fuerza del Mar|publisher=revista.consumer.es|access-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826034707/http://revista.consumer.es/web/es/20050501/medioambiente/69696.php|archive-date=26 August 2011}}</ref>

Non-renewable energy sources used in Spain are [[nuclear power plant|nuclear]] (8 operative reactors), [[natural gas power plant|gas]], [[coal power plant|coal]], and [[oil power plant|oil]]. Fossil fuels together generated 58% of Spain's electricity in 2009, just below the OECD mean of 61%. Nuclear power generated another 19%, and wind and hydro about 12% each.<ref name="SverigeE">Energy in Sweden, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, (in Swedish: Energiläget i siffror), Table for figure 49. Source: IEA/OECD [http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Broschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045634/http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=%2FBroschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f|date=16 October 2013}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Spain}}
[[File:Grantelescopio.jpg|thumb|The [[Gran Telescopio Canarias]] at sunset]]
The [[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]] (CSIC) is the leading public agency dedicated to scientific research in the country. It ranked as the 5th top governmental scientific institution worldwide (and 32nd overall) in the 2018 SCImago Institutions Rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=all|title=Scimago Institution Rankings|access-date=5 January 2018|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308131304/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=all|url-status=live}}</ref> Spain was ranked 28th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref>

Higher education institutions perform about a 60% of the basic research in the country.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Do universities matter for the location of foreign R&D?|first1=Dolores|last1=Añón Higón|first2=Alfonso|doi=10.1177/23409444211042382|last2=Díez-Minguela|journal=Business Research Quarterly|page=1; 5|year=2021|volume=27 |issue=2 |s2cid=239695136|doi-access=free|hdl=10550/88686|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Likewise, the contribution of the private sector to R&D expenditures is much lower than in other EU and OECD countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://academic.oup.com/rev/article/29/4/392/6382447?login=false#304714258|title=Mapping heterogeneity in a research system: The emergence of a 'hybrid' organizational field between science and industry|first1=Sandro|last1=Giachi|first2=Manuel|last2=Fernández-Esquinas|journal=Research Evaluation|volume=29|issue=4|year=2020|pages=392–405|doi=10.1093/reseval/rvaa014|access-date=11 May 2022|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511005340/https://academic.oup.com/rev/article/29/4/392/6382447?login=false#304714258|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Spain}}

The Spanish road system is mainly centralised, with six highways connecting Madrid to the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], [[Catalonia]], [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], West [[Andalusia]], Extremadura and [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]. Additionally, there are highways along the Atlantic ([[Ferrol, Spain|Ferrol]] to [[Vigo]]), Cantabrian ([[Oviedo]] to [[San Sebastián]]) and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] ([[Girona]] to [[Cádiz]]) coasts. Spain aims to put one&nbsp;million [[electric car]]s on the road by 2014 as part of the government's plan to save energy and boost [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.triplepundit.com/2008/07/algae-based-biofuels-in-plain-english-why-it-matters-how-it-works/|title=Algae Based Biofuels in Plain English: Why it Matters, How it Works. (algae algaebiofuels carbonsequestration valcent vertigro algaebasedbiofuels ethanol)|publisher=Triplepundit.com|date=30 July 2008|access-date=19 November 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518085937/http://www.triplepundit.com/2008/07/algae-based-biofuels-in-plain-english-why-it-matters-how-it-works/|archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> The former Minister of Industry [[Miguel Sebastián Gascón|Miguel Sebastián]] said that "the electric vehicle is the future and the engine of an industrial revolution."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enn.com/energy/article/37798|title=Spain to Put 1&nbsp;million Electric Cars on the Road|publisher=Triplepundit.com|date=30 July 2008|access-date=19 November 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123072310/http://www.enn.com/energy/article/37798|archive-date=23 November 2008 }}</ref>

{{As of|2025|February}}, the Spanish high-speed rail network is the longest HSR network in Europe with {{convert|3,973|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="ADIF"/> and the [[List of high-speed railway lines|second longest in the world]], after China's. It is linking [[Málaga]], [[Seville]], Madrid, [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]] and [[Valladolid]], with the trains operated at commercial speeds up to {{convert|330|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lara Galera|first=Antonio L.|date=2015|title=El AVE Madrid-Barcelona, una obra de mérito|url=http://ropdigital.ciccp.es/pdf/publico/2015/2015_octubre_3569_07.pdf|journal=Revista de Obras Públicas|issue=3569|page=57|issn=0034-8619|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201214714/http://ropdigital.ciccp.es/pdf/publico/2015/2015_octubre_3569_07.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> On average, the Spanish high-speed train is the fastest one in the world, followed by the Japanese [[Shinkansen|bullet train]] and the French [[TGV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/mundodinero/2010/11/09/economia/1289304399.html|title=El AVE español, el más veloz del mundo y el segundo en puntualidad|work=El Mundo|location=Spain|date=10 November 2010|access-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109012118/http://www.elmundo.es/mundodinero/2010/11/09/economia/1289304399.html|archive-date=9 November 2011}}</ref> Regarding punctuality, it is second in the world (98.5% on-time arrival) after the Japanese Shinkansen (99%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railpro.co.uk/magazine/?idArticles=34|title=Spain powers ahead with high-speed rail|publisher=railpro.co.uk|date=January 2010|access-date=5 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721092807/http://www.railpro.co.uk/magazine/?idArticles=34|archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

There are 47 public airports in Spain. The busiest one is the [[Madrid Airport|airport of Madrid]] (Barajas), with 60&nbsp;million passengers in 2023, being the [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|world's 15th busiest airport]], as well as the European Union's third busiest. The [[Barcelona Airport|airport of Barcelona]] (El Prat) is also important, with 50&nbsp;million passengers in 2023, being the world's 30th-busiest airport. Other main airports are located in [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Mallorca]], [[Málaga Airport|Málaga]], [[Gran Canaria Airport|Las Palmas (Gran Canaria)]], and [[Alicante Airport|Alicante]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="135px">
File:RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg|High-speed [[AVE Class 103]] train near [[Vinaixa]], [[Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line|Madrid-Barcelona line]]. Spain has [[High-speed rail in Spain|the longest high-speed rail network in Europe]].<ref name="ADIF">{{cite web|url=https://www.adifaltavelocidad.es/red-ferroviaria/red-de-alta-velocidad|title=''Red de Alta Velocidad''|publisher=ADIF|access-date=20 February 2025|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220154534/https://www.adifaltavelocidad.es/red-ferroviaria/red-de-alta-velocidad|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Port of Valencia.jpg|The [[Port of Valencia]], one of the busiest in the [[Golden Banana]]
</gallery>