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Subjunctive mood
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===Slavic languages=== The Slavic languages lost the Proto-Indo-European subjunctive altogether, while the old optative was repurposed as the imperative mood. Some modern Slavic languages have developed a new subjunctive-like construction,<ref name="tomaszewicz">Anastasia Smirnova, Vedrana Mihaliček, Lauren Ressue, ''Formal Studies in Slavic Linguistics'', Cambridge Scholar Publishing, Newcastle upon Type, Wielka Brytania, 2010: Barbara Tomaszewicz, Subjunctive Mood in Polish and the Clause Typing Hypothesis</ref><ref name="kagan">Kagan Olga, ''Semantics of Genitive Objects in Russian'', Springer 2013: Subjunctive Mood and the Notion of Commitment, series Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, {{ISBN|978-94-007-5225-2}}</ref> although there is no consistent terminology. For example, some authors do not distinguish the subjunctive mood from the optative ("wishing") mood,<ref name="medak">Mędak Stanisław, ''Praktyczny słownik łączliwości składniowej czasowników polskich'', Universitas, Kraków, Polska, 2003</ref> others do.<ref name="muczkowski">Muczkowski Józef, ''Gramatyka języka Polskiego'', Kraków 1836, pp. 228</ref> ====Polish==== The subjunctive mood is formed using the ''by'' particle, either alone or forming a single word with the complex conjunctions ''żeby'', ''iżby'', ''ażeby'', ''aby'', ''coby''.<ref name="muczkowski" /><ref name = "migdalski">Migdalski K. ''The Syntax of Compound Tenses in Slavic'', Utrecht 2006</ref> The mood does not have its own morphology, but instead a rule that the ''by''-containing particle must be placed in front of the dependent clause.<ref name="tomaszewicz" /> Compare: * ''Upieram się, że wychodzi'' indicative - I insist that he is leaving; * ''Upieram się, (że)by wyszedł'' subjunctive - I insist that he leave; * ''Upieram się, że wyszedłby'' conditional - I insist that he would leave. The subjunctive mood in the dependent clause is obligatory in the case of certain independent clauses, for example it is incorrect to say <del>''chcę, że to zrobi''</del>, but the subjunctive mood must be used instead: ''chcę, by to zrobił''. The subjunctive can never be mistaken with the conditional,<ref name="tomaszewicz" /> despite that in the case of the conditional mood the clitic ''by'' and derivatives can move. See that in the following examples: * ''Upieram się, że wtedy by nie wyszedł'' conditional - I insist that he would not have left then [at that time]; * ''Upieram się, że by wówczas nie wyszedł'' conditional - I insist that he would not have left then/[at that time]/[in that case]; * ''Myślę, że on by akurat wyszedł'' conditional - I think that he would have just left [a moment ago]; * ''Myślę, że gdyby wyszedł, ...'' conditional - I think, that if he would have left, ... There is no conjunction, which would indicate the subjunctive. In particular, there is no ''żeby''. Compare to the closely related [[optative mood]], e.g. the subjunctive ''nie nalegam, by wysłał list'' vs the optative ''oby wysłał list''. ====Bulgarian==== Modal distinctions in subordinate clauses are expressed not through verb endings, but through the choice of [[complementizer]] - ''че (che)'' or ''да (da)'' (which might both be translated with the [[relative pronoun]] "that"). The verbs remain unchanged. In ordinary sentences, the imperfective [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] is most often used for the indicative, and the perfective for the subjunctive, but any combination is possible, with the corresponding change in meaning. * e.g. iskam da stanesh (perfective) / iskam da stavash (imperfective) - i want you to get up. The latter is more insisting, since the imperfective is the more immediate construction. Thus: * [[Indicative mood|Indicative]] - '''че''' - ** e.g. ''знам, че си тук - znam, '''che''' si tuk'' - I know that you are here; * Subjunctive - '''да''' - ** e.g. ''настоявам да си тук - nastoyavam '''da''' si tuk'' - I insist that you be here.
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