Editing Choctaw language (section)

====Verbal infixes====
Choctaw verb stems have various infixes that indicate their aspect.<ref>Broadwell (2006:161-168)</ref> These stem variants are traditionally referred to as 'grades'. The table below shows the grades of Choctaw, along with their main usage.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name of Grade
! How it is formed
! When it is used
|-
| n-grade
| infix n in the next to last (penultimate) syllable; put accent on this syllable
| to show that the action is durative (lasts some definite length of time)
|-
| l-grade
| put accent on next to last (penultimate) syllable; lengthen the vowel if the syllable is open
| before a few common suffixes, such as the negative /-o(k)/ and the switch-reference markers /-cha/ and /-na/
|-
| hn-grade
| insert a new syllable /-hV̱/ after the (original) next to last (penultimate) syllable. V̱ is a nasalized copy of the vowel that precedes it.
| to show that the action of the verb repeats
|-
| y-grade
| insert -Vyy- before the next to last (penultimate) syllable
| to show delayed inception
|-
| g-grade
| formed by lengthening the penultimate vowel of the stem, accenting the antepenultimate vowel, and geminating the consonant that follows the antepenult.
| to show delayed inception
|-
| h-grade
| insert -h- after the penultimate vowel of the stem.
| to show sudden action
|}

Some examples that show the grades follow:

In this example the l-grade appears because of the suffixes /-na/ 'different subject' and /-o(k)/ 'negative':

{{interlinear
| lang = cho
| indent = 2
| top = {{lang|cho|... lowat taahana falaamat akiiyokiittook.}}|lowa -t taaha -na falaama -t ak- iiya- o -kii -ttook|burn -SS complete{{angbr|{{gcl|LGR|l-grade}}}} -DS return -SS 1S.N- go{{angbr|{{gcl|LGR|l-grade}}}} -NEG -NEG -DPAST|'... (the school) burned down and I didn't go back.'
}}

The g-grade and y-grade typically get translated into English as "finally VERB-ed":

{{interlinear
| lang = cho
| indent = 2
| top = {{lang|cho|Taloowah.}}|Taloowa -h|sing -TNS|'He sang.'
}}

{{interlinear
| lang = cho
| indent = 2
| top = {{lang|cho|Tálloowah.}}|Tálloowa -h|sing{{angbr|{{gcl|GGR|g-grade}}}} -TNS|'He finally sang.'
}}

The hn-grade is usually translated as 'kept on VERBing':

{{interlinear
| indent = 2
| top = {{lang|cho|Ohó̱bana nittak pókkooli oshtattook.}}|Ohó̱ba -na nittak pókkooli oshta -ttook|rain{{angbr|{{gcl|HNGR|hn-grade}}}} -DS day ten four -DPAST|'It kept on raining for forty days.'
}}

The h-grade is usually translated "just VERB-ed" or "VERB-ed for a short time":

{{interlinear
| Lang = cho
| indent = 2
| top = {{lang|cho|Nóhsih.}}|Nóhsi -h|sleep{{angbr|{{gcl|HGR|h-grade}}}} -TNS|'He took a quick nap.
}}