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Cyclotron
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==Notable examples== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Name|Institution and Name}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Date ! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Energy|Maximum energy}} ! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Beam|Beam type}} ! scope="col" | Diameter ! scope="col" | In use? ! scope="col" | Comments ! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | Lawrence 4.5-inch Cyclotron | {{flagicon|USA}} United States | 1931 | {{convert|0.08|MeV|keV|disp=out|sortable=on}} | Protons | {{convert|4.5|in|m|sortable=on}} | {{No}} | First working cyclotron | {{r|aipexhibit2}} |- ! scope="row" | Leningrad cyclotron |{{flagicon|Soviet Union|variant=1924}} Soviet Union |1934 |530 keV |Protons |{{convert|0.28|m|m|disp=out|sortable=on}} | {{No}} |First cyclotron outside Berkeley |<ref name="g778">{{cite journal |last1=Grinberg |first1=A P |last2=Frenkel' |first2=Viktor Ya |date=1983-03-31 |title=Igor' Vasil'evich Kurchatov at the Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute |journal=Soviet Physics Uspekhi |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=245β265 |doi=10.1070/PU1983v026n03ABEH004356 |issn=0038-5670}}</ref><ref name="b194">{{cite book |last=Rhodes |first=Richard |title=Dark Sun |date=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-80400-2 |publication-place=New York, NY |page=30}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Lawrence 184-inch Cyclotron | {{flagicon|USA}} United States | 1946 | 380 MeV | [[Alpha particle]]s, [[deuterium]], protons | {{convert|184|in|m|sortable=on}} | {{no}} | First [[synchrocyclotron]] and largest single-magnet cyclotron ever constructed | {{r|craddock}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Delft University of Technology|TU Delft]] Isochronous Cyclotron | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands | 1958 | 12 MeV | Protons | {{convert|0.36|m|m|disp=out|sortable=on}} | {{no}} | First isochronous cyclotron | {{r|heyn2}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] 88-inch Cyclotron | {{flagicon|USA}} United States | 1961 | 60 MeV | Protons, Alpha Particles, Neutrons, Heavy Ions | {{convert|88|in|m|sortable=on}} | {{Yes}} | Oldest continuously operated large cyclotron in existence; Lawrence's last cyclotron | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://cyclotron.lbl.gov/ |title=88-Inch Cyclotron, the oldest continuously operated large cyclotron in existence |work=cyclotron.lbl.gov}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Paul Scherrer Institute|PSI]] Ring Cyclotron | {{flagicon|CH}} Switzerland | 1974 | 590 MeV | Protons | {{convert|15|m|m|disp=out|sortable=on}} | {{Yes}} | Highest beam power of any cyclotron | <ref>{{cite conference |last=Grillenberger |first=J. |year=2021 |title=The High Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility |url=https://scipost.org/SciPostPhysProc.5.002/pdf |book-title=SciPost Physics Proceedings issue 5, Review of Particle Physics at PSI |display-authors=etal}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[TRIUMF]] 520 MeV | {{flagicon|Canada}} Canada | 1976 | 520 MeV | H<sup>β</sup> | {{convert|56|ft|m|sortable=on}} | {{Yes}} | Largest normal conducting cyclotron ever constructed | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-7000/largest-cyclotron/ |title=Largest cyclotron |work=guinnessworldrecords.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Michigan State University]] K500 | {{flagicon|USA}} United States | 1982 | 500 MeV/u | Heavy Ion | {{convert|52|in|m|sortable=on}} | {{Yes}}<ref name="MSUrefurb">{{cite web |last1=Koch |first1=Geoff |title=MSU to refurbish world's first superconducting cyclotron for chip testing |url=https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2023/msu-to-refurbish-worlds-first-superconducting-cyclotron-for-chip-testing |website=MSUToday {{!}} Michigan State University |access-date=10 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> | First superconducting cyclotron | <ref name="Blosser-2004">{{cite conference |first=H. |last=Blosser |title=30 Years of Superconducting Cyclotron Technology |book-title=Cyclotrons and their applications 2004. Proceedings of the seventeenth international conference |place=Tokyo, Japan |pages=531β534 |date=2004 |url=https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/c04/data/CYC2004_papers/22B1.pdf |access-date=January 24, 2022}}</ref><ref name="MSUrefurb" /> |- ! scope="row" | [[RIKEN]] Superconducting Ring Cyclotron | {{flagicon|JP}} Japan | 2006 | 400 MeV/u | Heavy Ion | {{convert|18.4|m|m|disp=out|sortable=on}} | {{Yes}} | K-value of 2600 is highest ever achieved | <ref>{{cite conference |last=Kamigaito |first=O. |year=2010 |title=Status of RIBF accelerators RIKEN |url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/Cyclotrons2010/papers/tum2cio01.pdf |book-title=Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications |display-authors=etal |access-date=2012-06-19 |archive-date=2012-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710142202/http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/Cyclotrons2010/papers/tum2cio01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |}
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