Editing Decolonization (section)

=== Nation-building ===
{{Main|Nation-building}}
[[File:Black Star Monument, Accra, Ghana.JPG|thumb|{{center|The '''Black Star Monument''' in [[Accra]], built by [[Ghana]]'s first president [[Kwame Nkrumah]] to commemorate the country's independence}}]]

Nation-building is the process of creating a sense of identification with, and loyalty to, the state.<ref>Karl Wolfgang Deutsch, William J. Folt, eds, ''Nation Building in Comparative Contexts'', New York, Atherton, 1966.{{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/obo/9780199743292-0217 |chapter=Nation-Building |title=International Relations |date=2017 |last1=Mylonas |first1=Harris |isbn=978-0-19-974329-2 }}</ref> Nation-building projects seek to replace loyalty to the old colonial power, and/or tribal or regional loyalties, with loyalty to the new state. Elements of nation-building include creating and promoting symbols of the state like a flag, a coat of arms and an anthem, monuments, official histories, national sports teams, codifying one or more Indigenous [[official language]]s, and replacing colonial place-names with local ones.<ref name="Glassner, Martin Ira 1980"/> Nation-building after independence often continues the work began by independence movements during the colonial period.

==== Language policy ====
From the perspective of [[language policy]] (or [[language politics]]), "linguistic decolonization" entails the replacement of a colonizing (imperial) power's language with a given colony's indigenous language in the function of [[official language]]. With the exception of colonies in [[Eurasia]], linguistic decolonization did not take place in the former colonies-turned-independent states on the other continents ("Rest of the World").<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kamusella |first1=Tomasz |title=Global Language Politics: Eurasia versus the Rest |journal=Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics |date=1 December 2020 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=117–151 |doi=10.2478/jnmlp-2020-0008 |s2cid=230283299 |doi-access=free |hdl=10023/21315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Linguistic imperialism]] is the imposition and enforcement of one dominant language over other languages, and one response to this form of imperialism is linguistic decolonization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillipson |first=Robert |title=Linguistic Imperialism |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-19-437146-9 |location=Oxford |oclc=30978070}} p. 46-47.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agyekum |first=Kofi |date=2018-05-23 |title=Linguistic imperialism and language decolonisation in Africa through documentation and preservation |url=https://zenodo.org/records/1251718 |journal=African Linguistics on the Prairie |pages=87–88 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1251718}}</ref>

==== Settled populations ====
{{See also|Settler colonialism}}
Decolonization is not an easy matter in colonies with large settler populations, particularly if they have been there for several generations. When settlers remain in former colonies after independence, colonialism is ongoing and takes the form of [[settler colonialism]], which is highly resistant to decolonisation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |title=Settler colonialism and decolonisation |journal=Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers (Archive) |date=2007 |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/1337/ }}</ref> Repatriation of existing colonizers or prevention of immigration of additional [[colonialism|colonizers]] can be seen as [[opposition to immigration]].<ref>[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315458298-25/migrants-indigeneity-nandita-sharma Sharma, Nandita. "Migrants and indigeneity: Nationalism, nativism and the politics of place." Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies. Routledge, 2019. 246-257.]</ref>

In a few cases, settler populations have been [[Repatriation|repatriated]]. For instance, the decolonization of [[Algeria]] by France was particularly uneasy due to the large European population (see also ''[[pied noir]]''),<ref name="Cook">{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Bernard A. |title=Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeuro01acoo |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeuro01acoo/page/n461 398] |year=2001 |publisher=Garland |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8153-4057-7}}</ref> which largely evacuated to France when Algeria became independent.<ref name="ladepeche">[http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2012/03/10/1308713-pieds-noirs-ceux-qui-ont-choisi-de-rester.html "Pieds-noirs": ceux qui ont choisi de rester], [[La Dépêche du Midi]], March 2012</ref> In [[Zimbabwe]], former [[Rhodesia]], [[Robert Mugabe]] seized property from white African farmers, killing several of them, and forcing the survivors to emigrate.<ref name="Cybriwsky">Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian. ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture''. ABC-CLIO, LLC 2013. {{ISBN|978-1610692472}} pp. 54–275.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=226|title=Origins: History of immigration from Zimbabwe – Immigration Museum, Melbourne Australia|website=Museumvictoria.com.au|access-date=30 April 2016|archive-date=2 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202060852/http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=226|url-status=dead}}</ref> A large Indian community lived in [[Uganda]] as a result of Britain colonizing both India and East Africa, and [[Idi Amin]] [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expelled them]] for domestic political gain.<ref name="Drive">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/world/once-outcasts-asians-again-drive-uganda-s-economy.html | title=Once Outcasts, Asians Again Drive Uganda's Economy | access-date=14 March 2016 | date=17 August 2003 | first=Marc | last=Lacey | newspaper=[[New York Times]] | location=New York City}}</ref> 

====Cinematography====
Kenyan writer [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] has written about colonization and decolonization in the film universe. Born in Ethiopia, filmmaker [[Haile Gerima]] describes the "colonization of the unconscious" he describes experiencing as a child:<ref name=kato2007>{{cite book |last1=Kato |first1=M. T. |title=From Kung Fu to Hip Hop: Globalization, Revolution, and Popular Culture |date=2012 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8063-2 }}{{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref>
<blockquote>...as kids, we tried to act out the things we had seen in the movies. We used to play cowboys and Indians in the mountains around Gondar...We acted out the roles of these heroes, identifying with the cowboys conquering the Indians. We didn't identify with the Indians at all and we never wanted the Indians to win. Even in Tarzan movies, we would become totally galvanized by the activities of the hero and follow the story from his point of view, completely caught up in the structure of the story. Whenever Africans sneaked up behind Tarzan, we would scream our heads off, trying to warn him that 'they' were coming".</blockquote>
In Asia, [[kung fu film|kung fu cinema]] emerged at a time Japan wanted to reach Asian populations in other countries by way of its cultural influence. The surge in popularity of kung fu movies began in the late 1960s through the 1970s. Local populations were depicted as protagonists opposing "imperialists" (foreigners) and their "Chinese collaborators".<ref name=kato2007 />