Editing Human (section)

=== Kinship ===
{{Main|Kinship|}}
All human societies organize, recognize and classify types of social relationships based on relations between parents, children and other descendants ([[consanguinity]]), and relations through [[marriage]] ([[Affinity (law)|affinity]]). There is also a third type applied to [[godparent]]s or [[Adoption|adoptive children]] ([[Fictive kinship|fictive]]). These culturally defined relationships are referred to as kinship. In many societies, it is one of the most important social organizing principles and plays a role in transmitting status and [[inheritance]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nature of Kinship: Overview|url=https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/kinship/kinship_1.htm|access-date=24 October 2020|website=www2.palomar.edu|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203230431/https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/kinship/kinship_1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp;All societies have rules of [[incest taboo]], according to which marriage between certain kinds of kin relations is prohibited, and some also have rules of preferential marriage with certain kin relations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Itao K, Kaneko K | title = Evolution of kinship structures driven by marriage tie and competition | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 117 | issue = 5 | pages = 2378–2384 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31964846 | pmc = 7007516 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1917716117 | bibcode = 2020PNAS..117.2378I | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Pair bonding is a ubiquitous feature of human sexual relationships, whether it is manifested as serial monogamy, [[polygyny]], or [[polyandry]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schacht |first1=Ryan |last2=Kramer |first2=Karen L. |date=17 July 2019 |title=Are We Monogamous? A Review of the Evolution of Pair-Bonding in Humans and Its Contemporary Variation Cross-Culturally |journal=[[Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution]] |volume=7 |page=230 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00230 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019FrEEv...7..230S |issn=2296-701X }}</ref> Genetic evidence indicates that humans were predominantly [[Polygyny|polygynous]] for most of their existence as a species, but that this began to shift during the Neolithic, when [[monogamy]] started becoming widespread concomitantly with the transition from nomadic to sedentary societies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dupanloup |first1=Isabelle |last2=Pereira |first2=Luisa |last3=Bertorelle |first3=Giorgio |last4=Calafell |first4=Francesc |last5=Prata |first5=Maria João |last6=Amorim |first6=Antonio |last7=Barbujani |first7=Guido |date=1 July 2003 |title=A Recent Shift from Polygyny to Monogamy in Humans Is Suggested by the Analysis of Worldwide Y-Chromosome Diversity |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00239-003-2458-x |journal=[[Journal of Molecular Evolution]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=85–97 |doi=10.1007/s00239-003-2458-x |pmid=12962309 |bibcode=2003JMolE..57...85D |issn=0022-2844 |access-date=13 July 2024 |via=Springer Link}}</ref> Anatomical evidence in the form of second-to-fourth digit ratios, a biomarker for prenatal androgen effects, likewise indicates modern humans were polygynous during the Pleistocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Emma |last2=Rolian |first2=Campbell |last3=Cashmore |first3=Lisa |last4=Shultz |first4=Susanne |date=3 November 2010 |title=Digit ratios predict polygyny in early apes, Ardipithecus, Neanderthals and early modern humans but not in Australopithecus |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] |language=en |volume=278 |issue=1711 |pages=1556–1563 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.1740 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=3081742 |pmid=21047863 }}</ref>