Editing Huntsville, Alabama (section)

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
[[File:I-565 at Space and Rocket Center.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Saturn V]] replica at the [[US Space and Rocket Center]] stands as a prominent landmark near mile 15 on [[Interstate 565]].]]

Huntsville is served by several major highways including [[U.S. Highway 72|US 72]], [[U.S. Route 72 Alternate|US 72 Alt.]], [[U.S. Highway 231|US 231]], [[U.S. Highway 431|US 431]] and [[Interstate 565]] (with a connection to [[Interstate 65 in Alabama|I-65]] in [[Decatur, Alabama|Decatur]]). [[Alabama State Route 53|Alabama Highway 53]] also connects the city with I-65 in [[Ardmore, Tennessee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interstate 565 Alabama |url=https://www.interstate-guide.com/i-565-al/ |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=Interstate-Guide.com |date=February 27, 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref> Other major roadways include [[University Drive (Huntsville)|University Drive]], [[Governors Drive (Huntsville)|Governors Drive]], [[Airport Road (Huntsville)|Airport Road]], [[Memorial Parkway (Huntsville)|Memorial Parkway]] and [[Alabama State Route 255|Research Park Boulevard (SR 255)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenways and Major Roads |url=https://www.huntsvilleoutdoors.com/hiking/102-greenways-and-major-roads |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=Huntsville Outdoors |date= June 7, 2016|language=en}}</ref>

Public transit in Huntsville is run by the city's Department of Parking and Public Transit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parking and Public Transit Department |url=https://www.huntsvilleal.gov/government/departments/public-transportation-department/ |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=City of Huntsville |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Orbit (bus system)|Huntsville Orbit]] runs 11 fixed routes throughout the city, mainly around downtown and major shopping areas like Memorial Parkway and University Drive and has recently expanded some of the buses to include bike racks on the front for a trial program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orbit |url=https://www.huntsvilleal.gov/residents/streets/public-transportation/orbit/ |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=City of Huntsville |language=en-US}}</ref> The city runs Access, a demand-response transit system for the handicapped,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access |url=https://www.huntsvilleal.gov/residents/streets/public-transportation/access/ |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=City of Huntsville |language=en-US}}</ref> and CommuteSmart, a county-wide carpooling program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ride-sharing |url=https://www.huntsvilleal.gov/residents/streets/public-transportation/ride-sharing/ |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=City of Huntsville |language=en-US}}</ref>

There are several bicycle routes in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=the OpenStreetMap Cycle Map |url=http://www.opencyclemap.org/?zoom=12&lat=34.75414&lon=-86.59533&layers=B000 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |publisher=OpenCycleMap.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Huntsville Bike Committee » Bike Routes Map |url=http://hsvbike.com/?page_id=544 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818025109/http://hsvbike.com/?page_id=544 |archive-date=August 18, 2011 |access-date=November 8, 2011 |publisher=Hsvbike.com}}</ref> There are bike paths for exercise available.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bike Maps |url=http://www.bikehuntsville.com/bike-huntsville/bike-maps/ |access-date=October 12, 2017}}</ref>  Huntsville's government is working to improve bicycle network within the city limits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bikeway Plans |url=https://www.huntsvilleal.gov/development/building-construction/planning/bikeway-plans/ |access-date=October 12, 2017}}</ref> In 2020, Huntsville released a master plan for a 70-mile bicycling and walking trail, named Singing River Trail of North Alabama, to connect downtown Huntsville to the cities of Madison, Decatur, and Athens.<ref name="singingrivertrail.com">{{Cite web |title=Singing River Trail of North Alabama |url=https://www.singingrivertrail.com/ |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=singingrivertrail.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Huntsville has two active commercial rail lines. The mainline is run by [[Norfolk Southern]], which runs from [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] to [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]. The original depot for this rail line, the Huntsville Depot, still exists as a [[railroad museum]], though it no longer offers passenger service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huntsville, AL * |url=http://www.nscorp.com/content/nscorp/en.html |access-date=December 17, 2022 |website=Norfolk Southern}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Huntsville Depot (public grounds open) |url=https://www.huntsville.org/listing/historic-huntsville-depot-(public-grounds-open)/55/ |access-date=December 17, 2022 |website= huntsville.org |language=en-us}}</ref>

Another rail line, formerly part of the [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad|Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N)]], successor to the [[Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway|Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway (NC&StL)]], is being operated by the [[Huntsville and Madison County Railroad Authority|Huntsville and Madison County Railroad Authority (HMCRA)]]. The line connects to the Norfolk Southern line downtown and runs {{convert|13|mi|km|0}} south, passing near Ditto Landing on the [[Tennessee River]], and terminating at Norton Switch, near Hobbs Island. This service, in continuous operation since 1894, presently hauls freight and provides [[transloading]] facilities at its downtown depot location. Until the mid-1950s, the L&N provided freight and passenger service to Guntersville. The rail cars were loaded onto barges at Hobbs Island. The barge tows were taken upstream through the Guntersville Dam & Locks and discharged at Port Guntersville. Remnants of the track supporting piers still remain in the river just upstream from Hobbs Island. The service ran twice daily. L&N abandoned the line in 1984, at which time it was acquired by the newly created HMCRA, a state agency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Services |url=https://hmcrr.com/services/ |access-date=December 17, 2022 |website=Huntsville & Madison County Railroad Authority |language=en-US}}</ref>

A third line, the Mercury and Chase Railroad, runs {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} weekend tourist rides on part of another former NC&StL and L&N line from the North Alabama Railroad Museum's Chase Depot, located in the community of [[Chase, Alabama]]. Their collection includes one of the oldest diesel locomotives in existence (1926). The rail line originally connected Huntsville to NC&StL's Nashville-to-Chattanooga mainline in [[Decherd, Tennessee]]. The depot was once the smallest [[union station]] in the United States when it served the NC&StL and Memphis and Charleston Railroad, the predecessor to the Norfolk Southern.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Welcome To The North Alabama Railroad Museum |url=http://northalabamarailroadmuseum.com/wp/ |access-date=December 17, 2022 |website=North Alabama Railroad Museum |language=en-US |archive-date=December 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217221620/http://northalabamarailroadmuseum.com/wp/ }}</ref>

===Ports===
The inland [[Port of Huntsville]] combines the [[Huntsville International Airport]], International Intermodal Center, and Jetplex Industrial Park for truck, train and air transport. The [[Intermodal freight transport|intermodal terminal]] transfers truck and train cargo to aircraft. The port has on-site [[U.S. Customs]] and [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] inspectors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Customs & Border Protection |url=https://live-hsvairport.pantheonsite.io/customs-border-protection/ |access-date=December 18, 2022 |website=Port of Huntsville |language=en}}</ref> The port is [[Foreign trade zones of the United States|Foreign Trade Zone]] No. 83.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Trade Zone #83 |url=https://live-hsvairport.pantheonsite.io/foreign-trade-zone-83/ |access-date=December 18, 2022 |website=Port of Huntsville |language=en}}</ref>

Huntsville International Airport is served by several regional and national carriers, including [[Delta Air Lines]], [[United Airlines]], [[Breeze Airways]], [[Silver Airways]] and [[American Airlines]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airline Info |url=https://www.flyhuntsville.com/airline-info/ |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=Huntsville International Airport |language=en}}</ref> Delivery companies have hubs in Huntsville, making flights to Europe, Asia, and Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.flyhuntsville.com/ |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=Huntsville International Airport |language=en}}</ref> The airport was reported to have the highest fares in the United States in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brancatelli |first=Joe |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Most expensive airports for air travel |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/blog/seat2B/2013/06/most-expensive-airports-for-air-travel.html?page=all |access-date=June 26, 2014 |website=The Business Journals }}</ref>

Huntsville is also served by the [[Meridianville, Alabama|Meridianville]]–located [[Madison County Executive Airport]], sometimes denoted as Huntsville Executive Airport due to its proximity to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Flight Center is the Fixed Base Operator at KMDQ, Huntsville Executive Airport. |url=http://www.executiveflightcenter.com/ |access-date=May 6, 2021 |website=executiveflightcenter.com}}</ref> The airport is a [[general aviation]] airport and does not have any regularly-scheduled commercial services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2022 |title=AIRPORT MASTER RECORD |url=https://www.gcr1.com/5010ReportRouter/HSV.pdf |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=Federal Aviation Administration |archive-date=December 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224220820/https://www.gcr1.com/5010ReportRouter/HSV.pdf }}</ref>

===Utilities===
Electricity, water, and natural gas are all provided in Huntsville by Huntsville Utilities (HU).<ref>{{cite web |title=Huntsville Utilities |url=http://www.hsvutil.org |access-date=December 17, 2022 |website=Huntsville Utilities |language=en}}</ref>  HU purchases and resells power from the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]]. TVA has two plants that provide electricity to the Huntsville area: Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant in [[Limestone County, Alabama|Limestone County]] and [[Guntersville Dam]] in [[Marshall County, Alabama|Marshall County]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant |url=https://www.tva.com/energy/our-power-system/nuclear/browns-ferry-nuclear-plant |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=Tennessee Valley Authority}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guntersville |url=https://www.tva.com/energy/our-power-system/hydroelectric/guntersville |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=Tennessee Valley Authority}}</ref> A third, [[Bellefonte Nuclear Generating Station|Bellefonte Nuclear Power Plant]] in [[Jackson County, Alabama|Jackson County]], was built in the 1980s but was never activated. TVA attempted to sell the plant in 2016, but withdrew from the deal, stating they could not sell the plant under the [[Atomic Energy Act of 1954]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Logan |first=Noah |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Judge rules in favor of TVA over Bellefonte sale |url=https://huntsvillebusinessjournal.com/lead/2022/08/04/judge-rules-in-favor-of-tva-over-bellefonte-sale/ |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=Huntsville Business Journal |language=en}}</ref>

Telephone service in Huntsville is provided by [[AT&T]], [[EarthLink]], [[WOW!]], and [[Comcast]]. Comcast and WOW! are the two cable providers in the Huntsville city limits. [[Mediacom]] operates in rural outlying areas. AT&T announced the start of its [[AT&T U-verse|DSL U-verse service]] in the Huntsville-Decatur metro area in November 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Phone History |url=http://www.huntsvillerewound.com/HSVtelephone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603123827/http://www.huntsvillerewound.com/HSVtelephone |archive-date=June 3, 2012 |access-date=October 4, 2011 |work=Huntsville Rewound |publisher=huntsvillerewound.com}}</ref> AT&T and [[Google Fiber|Google]] offer fiber Internet service across the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gigabit Internet Service in Huntsville, AL |url=https://fiber.google.com/cities/huntsville/ |access-date=December 18, 2022 |website=Google Fiber |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AT&T Fiber Internet in Huntsville, AL |url=https://www.att.com/local/fiber/alabama/huntsville |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=AT&T |language=en}}</ref>

===Public safety===
The Huntsville Fire and Rescue provides fire protection for the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Huntsville Fire Department |url=https://www.huntsvilleal.gov/government/departments/fire-rescue-department/ |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=Fire & Rescue Department |publisher=Hsvcity.com}}</ref> On a daily basis the department staffs and coordinates twenty-one engine companies, five ladder trucks, four rescue trucks, along with a Special Operations Division that includes Hazardous Materials Units, Technical Rescue Units, and several specialized support units. Huntsville Fire & Rescue also has Fire Investigations, emergency response dispatch, logistics, and training divisions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.joinhuntsvillefireandrescue.com/about-hfr/ |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=Join HFR |language=en}}</ref>

Huntsville has two volunteer public safety organizations in their city. The Huntsville-Madison County Rescue Squad is the county-wide volunteer rescue organization with tasks ranging from vehicle extrication to water rescues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HMCRSI - About Us |url=http://www.rescuesquad.net/aboutus.html |access-date=December 18, 2022 |website= rescuesquad.net}}</ref> The other is the Huntsville Cave Rescue Unit which is the region's only all-volunteer cave rescue organization. It is tasked with cave, cliff and high angle rope rescues. These organizations are located in Huntsville but operate both in the city and outside with HCRU, responding to many cave rescue calls coming from caves well outside the city limits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.hcru.org/about |access-date=December 18, 2022 |website=Huntsville Cave Rescue Unit |archive-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218033403/http://www.hcru.org/about }}</ref>

[[File:Huntsville Hospital.jpg|thumb|The main building of [[Huntsville Hospital System|Huntsville Hospital]]]]
Huntsville Hospital in the downtown area is the largest hospital and [[trauma center]]. In 2021, Huntsville Hospital opened the Orthopedic & Spine Tower, a seven-story building with 24 surgical orthopedic suites,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gattis |first1=Paul |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Huntsville Hospital quietly opens $150 million surgical tower |work=The Huntsville Times |publisher=AL.com |url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/09/huntsville-hospital-quietly-opens-150-million-surgical-tower.html |access-date=January 14, 2022}}</ref> which brings the total bed count to 881 for Huntsville Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |title=North Alabama Southern Tennessee Health Care with Huntsville Hospital |url=https://www.huntsvillehospital.org/#system-message-container |access-date=January 14, 2022 |website=Huntsville Hospital}}</ref> Located further south, Crestwood Medical Center is a smaller, 180-bed<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.crestwoodmedcenter.com/hospital-about-us |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=Crestwood Medical Center}}</ref> [[teaching hospital]] that is ranked nationally in two specialties.<ref name="USNew">{{cite web |title=Overview of Crestwood Medical Center |url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/al/crestwood-medical-center-6530521 |access-date=November 23, 2020 |website=US News}}</ref> Huntsville Emergency Medical Services, Inc. (HEMSI) provides emergency medical services to Huntsville and surrounding Madison county. HEMSI operates from 12 stations with a fleet of 36 ambulances.<ref>{{cite web |title=HEMSI |url=http://www.hemsi.org |access-date=November 8, 2011 |publisher=HEMSI}}</ref>

The Huntsville Police Department has three precincts and one downtown headquarters, over 500 sworn officers,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lightfoot, Franklin & White, LLC |title=Report by Independent Counsel to The Huntsville Police Citizens Advisory Council |date=April 22, 2021 |page=21 of 248 |url=http://huntsvillepolicereview.com/documents/HPCAC_Comprehensive_Report.pdf |access-date=August 29, 2021}}</ref> 200 civilian personnel, and patrols an area of approximately 220 square miles. The department also boasts its own academy, which has been in operation since 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.joinhuntsvillepd.com/about-hpd/ |title= About HPD |publisher=joinhuntsvillepd.com |access-date=April 26, 2021}}</ref>

Huntsville spent $1.2 million in 2015 to buy body cameras to be used by the Huntsville Police Department. Mayor Tommy Battle pushed for the purchase of the body cameras, saying: "We can provide a trust situation with police and our general public."<ref name="waffbodycam">{{cite news |date=December 14, 2015 |title=Huntsville police testing new body cameras |work=WAFF 48 News |publisher=Gray Media Group, Inc. |agency=NBC |url=https://www.waff.com/story/30744689/huntsville-police-testing-new-body-cameras/ |access-date=September 2, 2021}}</ref> The mayor also said: "Having that body cam there, having the police video there record what actually happens, and when people come in with complaints against Huntsville police officers, they get to see the action that actually happened."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sydney |first1=Martin |title=Huntsville police refuse to release body camera video |url=https://www.waaytv.com/content/news/I-Team--483392181.html |access-date=September 2, 2021 |work=WAAY 31 |agency=ABC |publisher=Allen Media Broadcasting, LLC |date=May 22, 2018 |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902222906/https://www.waaytv.com/content/news/I-Team--483392181.html }}</ref>

Following the conviction of a former Huntsville police officer for murder, after he was originally cleared of any wrongdoing by the Police department,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levenson |first1=Michael |title=Former Alabama Officer Is Sentenced to 25 Years for Murdering Suicidal Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/20/us/alabama-william-darby-jeffrey-parker.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/20/us/alabama-william-darby-jeffrey-parker.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited |access-date=August 28, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=August 20, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> the City of Huntsville voted to change the way police shootings are reviewed. Beginning in August 2021, all shootings that result in death that occur by Huntsville Police are to be investigated by the [[Alabama Law Enforcement Agency]] instead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Remkus |first1=Ashley |date=August 13, 2021 |title=Huntsville asks state to take over investigations when city police shoot someone |work=[[The Huntsville Times]] |publisher=[[AL.com]] |url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/08/huntsville-asks-state-to-take-over-investigations-when-city-police-shoot-someone.html |access-date=August 28, 2021}}</ref> The first investigation following the policy change started in January 2022 after an off-duty Huntsville police officer allegedly killed his girlfriend.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Margo |title=HPD officer accused of girlfriend's murder, sources confirmed |url=https://www.waff.com/2022/01/08/hpd-officer-questioned-apartment-shooting-death/ |access-date=January 8, 2022 |work=WAFF 48 News |agency=NBC |publisher=Gray Media Group, Inc. |date=January 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kroschel |first=Matt |date=January 8, 2022 |title=Sources: Huntsville police officer charged with capital murder involving girlfriend |work=WAAY 31 News |publisher=Allen Media Broadcasting |agency=ABC |url=https://www.waaytv.com/news/sources-huntsville-police-officer-charged-with-capital-murder-involving-girlfriend/article_dabb3166-7037-11ec-84dc-3794fef4c01d.html |access-date=January 8, 2022}}</ref> The officer had initially reported the death as a suicide; however, it was later investigated as a homicide.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koplowitz |first1=Howard |date=January 7, 2022 |title=Off-duty Huntsville officer charged with capital murder |work=The Huntsville Times |publisher=AL.com |url=https://www.al.com/news/huntsville/2022/01/off-duty-huntsville-officer-involved-in-death-department-asks-state-to-investigate.html |access-date=January 8, 2022}}</ref> An advisory council created by the city<ref>{{cite web |title=Huntsville Police Citizens Advisory Council |url=https://www.huntsvilleal.gov/residents/public-safety/huntsville-police/police-operations/internal-affairs/citizens-advisory-council/ |website=City of Huntsville |access-date=August 29, 2021}}</ref> described actions by Huntsville Police department (HPD) as being "in a manner that was, at a minimum, unprofessional and on multiple occasions in violation of HPD policy."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Huntley |first1=Elizabeth H. |last2=Sharman |first2=Jackson R. III |date=April 22, 2021 |title=Report by Independent Counsel to The Huntsville Police Citizens Advisory Council |url=http://huntsvillepolicereview.com/documents/HPCAC_Comprehensive_Report.pdf |access-date=August 29, 2021 |page=13 of 248}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Remkus |first1=Ashley |title=Protest review finds 'unprofessional' behavior, policy violations by Huntsville police |url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/04/protest-review-finds-unprofessional-behavior-policy-violations-by-huntsville-police.html |access-date=August 29, 2021 |work=The Huntsville Times |date=April 23, 2021}}</ref>