Editing Langdon Cheves (section)

====Structural reforms====
Also in 1819, Cheves deputized director [[Nicholas Biddle (1786-1844)|Nicholas Biddle]] to investigate James A. Buchanan, George Williams, and James W. McCulloch for illegally purchasing bank stock worth nearly $3,500,000 and accumulating large and unauthorized personal indebtedness against the Bank.{{sfn|Huff|1977|pp=114–15}} Biddle's investigation revealed fraudulent inflation in the price of the Bank's stock and personal enrichment by all three men. McCulloch was removed as cashier and Buchanan resigned as president.{{sfn|Huff|1977|pp=114–15}}

In 1820, subordinate officers in Richmond and Philadelphia were forced to resigned for misconduct and unreported deficiencies.{{sfn|Huff|1977|pp=116–17}} Cheves called for investigations into the business policies of western branches and legal protections for the Bank by Congress amending the charter:{{sfn|Huff|1977|p=118}}
*the term of Bank directors to be extended to more than three years;
*legal protection for the Bank against frauds committed by its own officers;
*officials other than the President and cashier deputized to sign bank notes; and
*branches required by charter to accept only their own notes or those of the parent bank in Philadelphia.

These calls were unsuccessful; no Congressional majority could be gained to side with Cheves during his presidency.{{sfn|Huff|1977|p=118}}