Editing Newar language (section)

==Phonology==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
!([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo]]-)[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|<br>palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Breathy voice|murmured]]</small>
|{{IPA link|mʱ}}<sup>1</sup>
|{{IPA link|nʱ}}<sup>1</sup>
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}<sup>2</sup>
|{{IPA link|tɕ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}<sup>2</sup>
|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}<sup>2</sup>
|{{IPA link|dʑ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Breathy voice|murmured]]</small>
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}
|{{IPA link|dʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}<sup>2</sup>
|{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
| ({{IPA link|ɾ}})
| {{IPAblink|ɽ}}<sup>2</sup>
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Breathy voice|murmured]]</small>
|
|{{IPAblink|ɾʱ}}<sup>2</sup>
|{{IPAblink|ɽʱ}}<sup>2</sup>
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|w}}
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Breathy voice|murmured]]</small>
|{{IPA link|wʱ}}<sup>1</sup>
|{{IPA link|lʱ}}<sup>1</sup>
|
|{{IPA link|jʱ}}<sup>1</sup>
|
|
|}
# Only in Kathmandu Newar.
# Only in Dolakha Newar.

; Notes
* Marginal phonemes are in parentheses.
* Allophonic variants are in Square brackets.
* Tap consonants mainly occur as word-medial alternates of /{{IPA|t}}/, /{{IPA|d}}/, /{{IPA|dʱ}}/ or /{{IPA|ɖ}}/ (in Dolakha only).
* /{{IPA|s}}/ can be heard as [{{IPA|ɕ}}] when occurring before front vowels/glide /{{IPA|i, e, j}}/.
* In Kathmandu Newar, /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ only occurs as word-final.
* Affricates /{{IPA|tɕ, dʑ}}/ can also shift to retracted sounds [{{IPA|t̠s̠, d̠z̠}}] when occurring before back vowels.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="3" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|iː}}
|{{IPA link|ĩ}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|{{IPA link|uː}}
|{{IPA link|ũ}}
|- align="center"
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|eː}}
|{{IPA link|ẽ}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|{{IPA link|oː}}
|{{IPA link|õ}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
|
|
|({{IPA link|ə}})
|({{IPA link|əː}})
|({{IPA link|ə̃}})
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}~{{IPA link|ɑ}}
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɔː}}~{{IPA link|ɑː}}
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɔ̃}}~{{IPA link|ɑ̃}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɛː}}<sup>1</sup>
| {{IPA link|ɛ̃}}<sup>1</sup>
|
|
|
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| 
| {{IPA link|æː}}<sup>1</sup>
| {{IPA link|æ̃}}<sup>1</sup>
|{{IPA link|a}}
|{{IPA link|aː}}
|{{IPA link|ã}}
|}
# Only in Kathmandu Newar.

* In Kathmandu Newar, the back vowel sounds /{{IPA|ɔ~ɑ}}/ occur as [{{IPA|ɔ}}], [{{IPA|ə}}], or [{{IPA|ɑ}}].
* In Dolakha Newar, the back vowel sounds /{{IPA|ɔ~ɑ}}/, can occur [{{IPA|ɑ}}], [{{IPA|ʌ}}], or [{{IPA|ə}}].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dolakhā Newār|last=Genetti|first=Carol|publisher=London & New York: Routledge.|year=2003|location=The Sino-Tibetan Languages|pages=353–370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Kathmandu Newar (Nepāl Bhāśā)|last=Hargreaves|first=David|publisher=London & New York: Routledge.|year=2003|location=The Sino-Tibetan Languages|pages=371–384}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Newār (Nepāl Bhāsā)|last1=Hale|first1=Austin|last2=Shrestha|first2=Kedar P.|location=München |publisher=LINCOM|year=2006|series=Languages of the World/Materials|volume=256|pages=1–22 }}</ref>
* /{{IPA|o, oː}}/ and /{{IPA|u}}/ can also be heard as [{{IPA|ɔ, ɔː}}], and [{{IPA|ʊ}}].
* The following nasal vowels can also be distinguished in vowel length as /{{IPA|ĩː ẽː ɔ̃ː ãː õː ũː}}/.

==== Diphthongs ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!<small>oral</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
!<small>oral</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
!<small>oral</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Diphthong]]
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA|ui}}
|{{IPA|uĩ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA|ei}}
|{{IPA|eĩ}}
|{{IPA|ɔi}}
|{{IPA|ɔĩ}}
|{{IPA|ɔu}}
|{{IPA|ɔũ}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
|{{IPA|ai}}
|{{IPA|aĩ}}
|{{IPA|au}}
|{{IPA|aũ}}
|}