Editing Sleep (section)

==In culture==

===Anthropology===
[[File:Pieter Bruegel d. Ä. 037.jpg|thumb|''[[The Land of Cockaigne (Bruegel)|The Land of Cockaigne]]'' by [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]], 1567]]

Research suggests that sleep patterns vary significantly across cultures.<ref name=Worthman>{{cite book | vauthors = Worthman CM, Melby MK | veditors = Carskadon MA |title=Adolescent Sleep Patterns: Biological, Social, and Psychological Influences |chapter=6. Toward a comparative developmental ecology of human sleep |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/adolescent-sleep-patterns/toward-a-comparative-developmental-ecology-of-human-sleep/96AAC229B2DE0A1E5346631BEFAEE526 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2002 |pages=69–117 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511499999.009 |isbn=978-0521642910 }}</ref><ref name="Jeon">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jeon M, Dimitriou D, Halstead EJ | title = A Systematic Review on Cross-Cultural Comparative Studies of Sleep in Young Populations: The Roles of Cultural Factors | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 2005 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33669583 | pmc = 7922907 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph18042005 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Samson">{{cite journal | vauthors = Samson DR |title=The Human Sleep Paradox: The Unexpected Sleeping Habits of Homo sapiens |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=21 October 2021 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=259–274 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-010220-075523 |s2cid=237845665 |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-010220-075523 |access-date=2 June 2022 |language=en |issn=0084-6570|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The most striking differences are observed between societies that have plentiful sources of artificial light and ones that do not. The primary difference appears to be that pre-light cultures have more broken-up sleep patterns. For example, people without artificial light might go to sleep far sooner after the sun sets, but then wake up several times throughout the night, punctuating their sleep with periods of wakefulness, perhaps lasting several hours.<ref name=Worthman/> During [[pre-industrial society|pre-industrial]] [[Europe]], [[Biphasic and polyphasic sleep|biphasic (bimodal) sleeping]] was considered the norm. Sleep onset was determined not by a set bedtime, but by whether there were things to do.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humans Used to Sleep in Two Shifts, And Maybe We Should Do It Again |date=4 April 2018 |access-date=7 February 2022 | vauthors = Jackson M, Banks S |website=Science Alert |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/humans-used-to-sleep-in-two-shifts-maybe-we-should-again}}</ref>

The boundaries between sleeping and waking are blurred in these societies. Some observers believe that nighttime sleep in these societies is most often split into two main periods, the first characterized primarily by deep sleep and the second by REM sleep.<ref name=Worthman/>

Some societies display a fragmented sleep pattern in which people sleep at all times of the day and night for shorter periods. In many [[nomad]]ic or [[hunter-gatherer]] societies, people sleep on and off throughout the day or night depending on what is happening. Plentiful [[artificial light]] has been available in the industrialized West since at least the mid-19th century, and sleep patterns have changed significantly everywhere that lighting has been introduced. In general, people sleep in a more concentrated burst through the night, going to sleep much later, although this is not always the case.<ref name=Worthman/>

Historian [[A. Roger Ekirch]] thinks that the traditional pattern of "[[segmented sleep]]," as it is called, began to disappear among the urban upper class in Europe in the late 17th century and the change spread over the next 200 years; by the 1920s "the idea of a first and second sleep had receded entirely from our social consciousness."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ekirch AR | title = Sleep we have lost: pre-industrial slumber in the British Isles | journal = The American Historical Review | volume = 106 | issue = 2 | pages = 343–86 | year = 2001 | pmid = 18680884 | doi = 10.2307/2651611 | jstor = 2651611 }}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite news| vauthors = Hegarty S |title=The myth of the eight-hour sleep|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16964783|access-date=22 February 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=22 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222172348/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16964783|archive-date=22 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Ekirch attributes the change to increases in "street lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in coffee houses," which slowly made nighttime a legitimate time for activity, decreasing the time available for rest.<ref name=bbc/> Today in most societies people sleep during the night, but in very hot climates they may sleep during the day.<ref>[[Ellsworth Huntington|Huntington, Ellsworth]] (1915) [https://archive.org/details/civilizationand01huntgoog ''Civilization and Climate''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817211746/https://archive.org/details/civilizationand01huntgoog |date=17 August 2016 }}. Yale University Press. p. 126</ref> During [[Ramadan]], many Muslims sleep during the day rather than at night.<ref>{{cite book |title=The American Muslim Teenager's Handbook | vauthors = Hafiz D, Hafiz I, Hafiz Y |year=2009 | publisher = Simon & Schuster Children's |isbn=978-1416986997 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimteenagersh0000hafi }}</ref>

In some societies, people sleep with at least one other person (sometimes many) or with animals. In other cultures, people rarely sleep with anyone except for an intimate partner. In almost all societies, sleeping partners are strongly regulated by social standards. For example, a person might only sleep with the [[immediate family]], the [[extended family]], a spouse or romantic partner, children, children of a certain age, children of a specific gender, peers of a certain gender, friends, peers of equal social rank, or with no one at all. Sleep may be an actively social time, depending on the sleep groupings, with no constraints on noise or activity.<ref name=Worthman/>

People sleep in a variety of locations. Some sleep directly on the ground; others on a skin or blanket; others sleep on platforms or [[bed]]s. Some sleep with blankets, some with pillows, some with simple headrests, some with no head support. These choices are shaped by a variety of factors, such as climate, protection from predators, housing type, technology, personal preference, and the incidence of pests.<ref name="Worthman"/>

===In mythology and literature===
[[File:Seven sleepers (Menologion of Basil II).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Medieval [[illuminated manuscript|manuscript illumination]] from the ''[[Menologion of Basil II]]'' (985 AD), showing the [[Seven Sleepers|Seven Sleepers of Ephesus]] sleeping in their cave]]
Sleep has been seen in culture as similar to death since antiquity;<ref name="William">{{cite book| vauthors = William SJ |title=Sleep and Society: Sociological Ventures into the Un(known)|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|location=New York City and London|isbn=978-0-415-35419-6|pages=95–96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYkqBgAAQBAJ&q=Sleep+and+his+Brother+Death&pg=PA96}}</ref> in [[Greek mythology]], [[Hypnos]] (the god of sleep) and [[Thanatos]] (the god of death) were both said to be the children of [[Nyx]] (the goddess of night).<ref name="William" /> [[John Donne]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], John Keats and other poets have all written poems about the relationship between sleep and death.<ref name="William" /> Shelley describes them as "both so passing, strange and wonderful!"<ref name="William" /> Keats similarly poses the question: "Can death be sleep, when life is but a dream".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poemhunter.com/poem/on-death-13/|title=On Death - On Death Poem by John Keats|date=29 March 2010|website=Poem Hunter}}</ref> Many people consider dying in one's sleep is the most peaceful way to die.<ref name="William" /> Phrases such as "big sleep" and "[[rest in peace]]" are often used in reference to death,<ref name="William" /> possibly in an effort to lessen its finality.<ref name="William" /> Sleep and dreaming have sometimes been seen as providing the potential for visionary experiences. In medieval Irish tradition, in order to become a [[filí]], the poet was required to undergo a ritual called the ''[[imbas forosnai]]'', in which they would enter a mantic, trancelike sleep.<ref name="Chadwick">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chadwick NK |author-link=Nora K. Chadwick|title=Imbas Forosnai |journal=Scottish Gaelic Studies |date= 1935|volume=4 |pages=97–135 }}</ref><ref name="MacKillop">{{cite book| vauthors = MacKillop J |title=A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-280120-1}}</ref>

Many cultural stories have been told about people falling asleep for extended periods of time.<ref name="Hansen">{{cite book| vauthors = Hansen W |title=The Book of Greek & Roman Folktales, Legends & Myths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwZpDQAAQBAJ&q=long+sleep+Epimenides+Rip+Van+Winkle+Seven+Sleepers&pg=PA133|date=2017|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=978-0691170152|pages=132–133}}</ref><ref name="Burstein">{{cite book| vauthors = Burstein A |title=The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving|url=https://archive.org/details/originalknickerb00burs|url-access=registration|quote=Rip Van Winkle.|location=New York|publisher= Basic Books|date=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/originalknickerb00burs/page/120 120]–338|isbn=978-0-465-00853-7}}</ref> The earliest of these stories is the ancient Greek legend of [[Epimenides|Epimenides of Knossos]].<ref name="Hansen" /><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Welch D |title=The Theater|date=9 May 1887|publisher=Theatre Publishing Company|location=New York City, New York|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-QRAAAAYAAJ&q=ancient+Greek+Rip+Van+Winkle&pg=PA139|volume=3|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Saint Rip">{{cite web| vauthors = Thorn J | title=Saint Rip|url=https://www.nyfolklore.org/pubs/voic36-1-2/st-rip.html|website=nyfolklore.org|publisher=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018210936/https://www.nyfolklore.org/pubs/voic36-1-2/st-rip.html|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Bates A |title=The Drama; Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization: American Drama|date=1906|publisher=Historical Publishing Company|location=London, England|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nx8ZAQAAIAAJ&q=ancient+Greek+Rip+Van+Winkle&pg=PA121|volume=20|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> According to the biographer [[Diogenes Laërtius]], Epimenides was a shepherd on the Greek island of [[Crete]].<ref name="Hansen" /><ref name="Rothschild">{{cite book|vauthors = Rothschild CK |title=Paul in Athens: The Popular Religious Context of Acts 17|date=2014|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|location=Tübingen|isbn=978-3-16-153260-3|pages=40–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zTsvXKcl50C&q=long+sleep+Epimenides+Rip+Van+Winkle+Seven+Sleepers&pg=PA41}}</ref> One day, one of his sheep went missing and he went out to look for it, but became tired and fell asleep in a cave under [[Mount Ida (Crete)|Mount Ida]].<ref name="Hansen" /><ref name="Rothschild" /> When he awoke, he continued searching for the sheep, but could not find it,<ref name="Hansen" /><ref name="Rothschild" /> so he returned to his old farm, only to discover that it was now under new ownership.<ref name="Hansen" /><ref name="Rothschild" /> He went to his hometown, but discovered that nobody there knew him.<ref name="Hansen" /> Finally, he met his younger brother, who was now an old man,<ref name="Hansen" /><ref name="Rothschild" /> and learned that he had been asleep in the cave for fifty-seven years.<ref name="Hansen" /><ref name="Rothschild" />

A far more famous instance of a "long sleep" today is the Christian [[Legendary material in Christian hagiography|legend]] of the [[Seven Sleepers|Seven Sleepers of Ephesus]],<ref name="Hansen"/> in which seven Christians flee into a cave during pagan times in order to escape [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|persecution]],<ref name="Hansen"/> but fall asleep and wake up 360 years later to discover, to their astonishment, that the Roman Empire is now predominantly Christian.<ref name="Hansen"/> The American author [[Washington Irving]]'s short story "[[Rip Van Winkle]]", first published in 1819 in his collection of short stories ''[[The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.]]'',<ref name="Burstein"/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Jones BJ |title=Washington Irving: An American Original|location= New York|publisher= Arcade Books|date=2008|pages= 177–178|isbn=978-1-55970-836-4}}</ref> is about a man in [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial America]] named Rip Van Winkle who falls asleep on one of the [[Catskill Mountains]] and wakes up twenty years later after the [[American Revolution]].<ref name="Burstein"/> The story is now considered one of the greatest classics of [[American literature]].<ref name="Burstein"/>

===In studies on consciousness and philosophy===
As an [[altered state of consciousness]], dreamless deep sleep has been used as a way to investigate [[animal consciousness|animal]]/human [[consciousness]] and [[qualia]]. Insights about differences of the living sleeping brain to its wakeful state and the transition period may have implications for potential explanations of human subjective experience, the so-called [[hard problem of consciousness]], often delegated to the realm of [[philosophy]], including [[neurophilosophy]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Churchland |first1=Patricia Smith |title=A neurophilosophical slant on consciousness research |series=Progress in Brain Research |date=1 January 2005 |volume=149 |pages=285–293 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doerig |first1=Adrien |last2=Schurger |first2=Aaron |last3=Hess |first3=Kathryn |last4=Herzog |first4=Michael H. |title=The unfolding argument: Why IIT and other causal structure theories cannot explain consciousness |journal=Consciousness and Cognition |date=1 July 2019 |volume=72 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2019.04.002 |pmid=31078047 |s2cid=147704603 |language=en |issn=1053-8100|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsytsarev |first1=Vassiliy |title=Methodological aspects of studying the mechanisms of consciousness |journal=Behavioural Brain Research |date=February 2022 |volume=419 |pages=113684 |doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113684|pmid=34838578 |s2cid=244570791 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kerskens |first1=Christian Matthias |last2=López Pérez |first2=David |title=Experimental indications of non-classical brain functions |journal=Journal of Physics Communications |date=1 October 2022 |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=105001 |doi=10.1088/2399-6528/ac94be |bibcode=2022JPhCo...6j5001K |language=en |issn=2399-6528|doi-access=free|arxiv=1806.07998 }}</ref> (or in some cases to religion and similar approaches).

===In art===
Of the thematic representations of sleep in art, physician and sleep researcher Meir Kryger wrote, "[Artists] have intense fascination with mythology, dreams, religious themes, the parallel between sleep and death, reward, abandonment of conscious control, healing, a depiction of innocence and serenity, and the erotic."<ref name="huffpostart">{{cite news| vauthors = Frank P |title=Why Have Artists Always Found Sleep Such A Fascinating Subject?|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/artists-and-sleep-meir-kryger_us_576b1305e4b09926ce5db903|access-date=14 July 2017|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725165747/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/artists-and-sleep-meir-kryger_us_576b1305e4b09926ce5db903|archive-date=25 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Carel Fabritius - De poort bewaker (1654).jpg|''[[The Sentry (painting)|The Sentry]]'' (1654) by [[Carel Fabritius]]
File:Museo del Prado - Goya - Caprichos - No. 43 - El sueño de la razon produce monstruos.jpg|''[[The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters]]'' (1799) by [[Francisco Goya]]
File:Honoré Daumier - The Second Class Carriage - Walters 371224.jpg|''The Second Class Carriage'' (1864) by [[Honoré Daumier]]
File:Waterhouse-sleep and his half-brother death-1874.jpg|''[[Sleep and his Half-brother Death]]'' (1874) by [[John William Waterhouse]]
File:Илья Е. Репин - Отдых. Портрет В.А.Репинa (1882).jpg|''Taking a Rest'' (1882) by [[Ilya Repin]]
File:George Hare - Victory of Faith.jpg|''[[The Victory of Faith (painting)|The Victory of Faith]]'' (1891) by [[Saint George Hare]]
File:Auf dem Ofen 1895.jpg|''Zwei schlafende Mädchen auf der Ofenbank'' (1895) by [[Albert Anker]]
File:Flaming June, by Frederic Lord Leighton (1830-1896).jpg|''[[Flaming June]]'' ({{circa}} 1895) by [[Frederic Leighton]]
File:Noon, rest from work - Van Gogh.jpeg|''Noon – Rest from Work'' (1890) by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (after [[Jean-François Millet|Millet]])
File:Albert Anker - Schlafendes Mädchen auf einer Holzbank.jpg|''Sleeping Girl on a Wooden Bench'' by [[Albert Anker]]
</gallery>