Editing Vocative case (section)

====Russian====
=====Historic vocative=====
The historic Slavic vocative has been lost in [[Russian language|Russian]] and is now used only in archaic expressions. Several of them, mostly of [[Old Church Slavonic]] origin, are common in colloquial Russian: "{{lang|ru|Боже!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Bože}}, vocative of "{{lang|ru|Бог|italic=no}}" {{Transliteration|ru|Bog}}, "God") and "{{lang|ru|Боже мой!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Bože moj}}, "My God!"), and "{{lang|ru|Господи!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Gospodi}}, vocative of "{{lang|ru|Господь|italic=no}}" {{Transliteration|ru|Gospodj}}, "Lord"), which can also be expressed as "{{lang|ru|Господи Иисусе!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Gospodi Iisuse!}}, {{Transliteration|ru|Iisuse}} vocative of "{{lang|ru|Иисус|italic=no}}" {{Transliteration|ru|Iisus}}, "Jesus"). The vocative is also used in prayers: "{{lang|ru|Отче наш!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Otče naš}}, "Our Father!"), or the Russian version of the [[Jesus Prayer]] ("Господ'''и''' Иисус'''е''' Христ'''е'''"). Such expressions are used to express strong emotions (much like English "O my God!"), and are often combined ("{{lang|ru|Господи, Боже мой|italic=no}}"). More examples of the historic vocative can be found in other Biblical quotes that are sometimes used as proverbs: "{{lang|ru|Врачу, исцелися сам|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Vraču, iscelisia sam}}, "Physician, heal thyself", nom. "{{lang|ru|врач|italic=no}}", {{Transliteration|ru|vrač}}). Vocative forms are also used in modern [[Church Slavonic]]. The patriarch and bishops of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] are addressed as "{{lang|ru|владыко|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|vladyko}}, hegemon, nom. "{{lang|ru|владыка|italic=no}}", {{Transliteration|ru|vladyka}}). In the latter case, the vocative is often also incorrectly used for the nominative to refer to bishops and patriarchs. These Old Church Slavonic words that are present in the current Russian language are known as "[[fossil word]]s".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bated,' 'Shod,' 'Boon,' and 7 Other Fossil Words |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/fossil-words |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>

=====New vocative=====
In modern colloquial Russian, [[given names]] and a small family of terms often take a special "shortened" form that some linguists consider to be a re-emerging vocative case.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parrott |first1=Lilli |title=Vocatives and Other Direct Address Forms: A Contrastive Study |journal=Oslo Studies in Language |date=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.5617/osla.68|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is used only for given names and nouns that end in {{lang|ru|-a|italic=no}} and {{lang|ru|-я|italic=no}}, which are sometimes dropped in the vocative form: "{{lang|ru|Лен, где ты?|italic=no}}" ("Lena, where are you?"). It is basically equivalent to "{{lang|ru|Лена, где ты?|italic=no}}" but suggests a positive personal and emotional bond between the speaker and the person being addressed. Names that end in {{lang|ru|-я|italic=no}} then acquire a [[soft sign]]: "{{lang|ru|Оль!|italic=no}}" = "{{lang|ru|Оля!|italic=no}}" ("Olga!"). In addition to given names, the form is often used with words like "{{lang|ru|мама|italic=no}}" (mom) and "{{lang|ru|папа|italic=no}}" (dad), which would be respectively shortened to "{{lang|ru|мам|italic=no}}" and "{{lang|ru|пап|italic=no}}". The plural form is used with words such as "{{lang|ru|ребят|italic=no}}", "{{lang|ru|девчат|italic=no}}" (nom: "{{lang|ru|ребята|italic=no}}", "{{lang|ru|девчата|italic=no}}" guys, gals).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=Henning |title=The New Russian Vocative: Synchrony, Diachrony, Typology |journal=[[Scando-Slavica]] |date=2012 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=122–167 |doi=10.1080/00806765.2012.669918|s2cid=119842000 }}</ref>

Such usage differs from the historic vocative, which would be "{{lang|ru|Лено|italic=no}}" and is not related.