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==References== * {{cite book |last=Ball |first=Warwick |author-link=Warwick Ball |title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=9780415113762}} * {{cite book |last=Birley |first=A. R. |title=Septimius Severus: The African Emperor |publisher=Routledge |year=2002}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Jā'alin|volume=15|page=103}} * {{PD-old-text|title=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 17|year=1888|author=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, JSTOR (Organization)}} * {{PD-old-text|title=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 17|year=1888|author=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, JSTOR (Organization)}} * {{cite book|last=al-Bagdadi|first=Nadia|chapter=Syria|year=2008|volume=5: Si-Z|title=The Encyclodedia of Christianity|editor1-first=Geoffrey W.|editor1-last=Bromiley|editor2-first=David B.|editor2-last=Barrett|publisher=Eerdmans.Brill|isbn=978-0-802-82417-2}} * {{cite book|last=al-Hassan|first=Ahmad Y.|editor1-first=Ahmad Y.|editor1-last=al-Hassan|editor2-first=Maqbul|editor2-last=Ahmed|editor3-first=Albert Z.|editor3-last=Iskandar|year=2001|chapter=Factors Behind the Rise of Islamic Science|title=The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture|volume=4:Science and Technology in Islam. Part 1: The exact and Natural Sciences|publisher=The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|isbn=978-9-231-03830-3}} * {{cite book|last=Arnold|first=Werner|chapter=Arabic Grammatical Borrowing in Western Neo-Aramaic|year=2007|volume=38|series=Empirical Approaches to Language Typology|title=Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective|editor1-first=Yaron|editor1-last=Matras|editor2-first=Jeanette|editor2-last=Sakel|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-110-19628-3|issn=0933-761X}} * {{cite book|last=Barker|first=John W.|year=1966|title=Justinian and the Later Roman Empire|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-03944-8}} * {{cite journal|last1=Braida|first1=Emanuela|url=https://www.academia.edu/5986641|title=Garshuni Manuscripts and Garshuni Notes in Syriac Manuscripts|journal=Parole de l'Orient|volume=37|year=2012|publisher=Holy Spirit University of Kaslik|issn=0258-8331}} * {{cite book|last=Brock|first=Sebastian|chapter=The Syrian Orthodox Church in the modern Middle East|year=2010|title=Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East|editor1-first=Anthony|editor1-last=O'Mahony|editor2-first=Emma|editor2-last=Loosley|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-19371-3}} * {{cite book|last=Correll|first=Christoph|chapter=Ma'lūlā. 2. The Language|year=1987|volume=VI. Fascicules 103-104 (Malḥūn-Mānd)|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|editor1-first=Clifford Edmund|editor1-last=Bosworth|editor2-first=Emericus Joannes|editor2-last=van Donzel|editor3-first=B.|editor3-last=Lewis|editor4-first=Ch.|editor4-last=Pellat|editor5-first=F. Th.|editor5-last=Dijkema|editor6-first=Mme S.|editor6-last=Nurit|publisher=Brill|oclc=655961825|edition=New}} * {{cite book |last1=deWaal |first1=Alex |last2=Flint |first2=Julie |title=Darfur: a short history of a long war |date=2006 |publisher=Zed Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-84277-697-1}} * {{cite book|last=Ellenblum|first=Ronnie|year=2006|title=Crusader Castles and Modern Histories|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-86083-3}} * {{cite book|last1=Held|first1=Colbert C.|last2=Cummings|first2=John Thomas|orig-date=2016|year=2018|title=Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-96199-1}} * {{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Hugh|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/21780273|chapter=The Impact of Muslim Rule on the Pattern of Rural Settlement in Syria|editor1-first=Pierre|editor1-last=Canivet|editor2-first=Jean-paul|editor2-last=Rey-Coquais|year=1992|title=La Syrie de Byzance à l'Islam VII<sup>e</sup>-VIII<sup>e</sup> Siècles|publisher=Damascus, Institut Français du Proche Orient|oclc=604181534}} * {{cite book|last=Levinson|first=David|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d88ZAQAAIAAJ|access-date=7 November 2012|year=1995|publisher=G.K. Hall|isbn=978-0-8161-1815-1}} * {{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis Edward|year=2003|title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians|url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe|url-access=registration|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-400-82548-6}} * {{cite book|last=Schulze|first=Wolfgang|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/6817057|editor1-first=Andrew|editor1-last=Oddy|year=2010|chapter=Symbolism on the Syrian Standing Caliph Copper Coins: A Contribution to the Discussion|title=Coinage and History in the Seventh Century Near East: Proceedings of the 12th Seventh Century Syrian Numismatic Round Table Held at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge on 4th and 5th April 2009|publisher=Archetype Publications Ltd|isbn=978-1-904-98262-3}} * {{cite book|last=Troupeau|first=Gérard|chapter=Ma'lūlā. 1. The Locality|year=1987|volume=VI. Fascicules 103-104 (Malḥūn-Mānd)|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|editor1-first=Clifford Edmund|editor1-last=Bosworth|editor2-first=Emericus Joannes|editor2-last=van Donzel|editor3-first=B.|editor3-last=Lewis|editor4-first=Ch.|editor4-last=Pellat|editor5-first=F. Th.|editor5-last=Dijkema|editor6-first=Mme S.|editor6-last=Nurit|publisher=Brill|oclc=655961825|edition=New}}
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