Editing Biosensor (section)

=== Pathogen detection ===
{{Expand section|date=July 2021}}
Biosensors could be used for the detection of pathogenic organisms.<ref name="10.1002/bab.1621">{{cite journal |last1=Alhadrami |first1=Hani A. |title=Biosensors: Classifications, medical applications, and future prospective |journal=Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry |date=2018 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=497–508 |doi=10.1002/bab.1621 |pmid=29023994 |s2cid=27115648 |language=en |issn=1470-8744|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Embedded biosensors for pathogenic signatures – such as of [[SARS-CoV-2]] – that are [[Wearable technology|wearable]] have been developed – such as [[Surgical mask#Research and development|face masks with built-in tests]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Face masks that can diagnose COVID-19 |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-06-masks-covid-.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=Peter Q. |last2=Soenksen |first2=Luis R. |last3=Donghia |first3=Nina M. |last4=Angenent-Mari |first4=Nicolaas M. |last5=de Puig |first5=Helena |last6=Huang |first6=Ally |last7=Lee |first7=Rose |last8=Slomovic |first8=Shimyn |last9=Galbersanini |first9=Tommaso |last10=Lansberry |first10=Geoffrey |last11=Sallum |first11=Hani M. |last12=Zhao |first12=Evan M. |last13=Niemi |first13=James B. |last14=Collins |first14=James J. |title=Wearable materials with embedded synthetic biology sensors for biomolecule detection |journal=Nature Biotechnology |date=28 June 2021 |volume=39 |issue=11 |pages=1366–1374 |doi=10.1038/s41587-021-00950-3 |pmid=34183860 |s2cid=235673261 |language=en |issn=1546-1696|doi-access=free |hdl=1721.1/131278 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> See also: [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport#Research and development|COVID-19 public transport R&D]]

New types of biosensor-chips could enable novel methods "such as drone-deployed pathogen sensors actively surveying air or wastewater". Protein-binding aptamers could be used for testing for infectious disease pathogens.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Carl W. |last2=Padayatti |first2=Pius S. |last3=Abderrahim |first3=Hadi |last4=Adamiak |first4=Lisa |last5=Alagar |first5=Nolan |last6=Ananthapadmanabhan |first6=Nagaraj |last7=Baek |first7=Jihye |last8=Chinni |first8=Sarat |last9=Choi |first9=Chulmin |last10=Delaney |first10=Kevin J. |last11=Dubielzig |first11=Rich |last12=Frkanec |first12=Julie |last13=Garcia |first13=Chris |last14=Gardner |first14=Calvin |last15=Gebhardt |first15=Daniel |last16=Geiser |first16=Tim |last17=Gutierrez |first17=Zachariah |last18=Hall |first18=Drew A. |last19=Hodges |first19=Andrew P. |last20=Hou |first20=Guangyuan |last21=Jain |first21=Sonal |last22=Jones |first22=Teresa |last23=Lobaton |first23=Raymond |last24=Majzik |first24=Zsolt |last25=Marte |first25=Allen |last26=Mohan |first26=Prateek |last27=Mola |first27=Paul |last28=Mudondo |first28=Paul |last29=Mullinix |first29=James |last30=Nguyen |first30=Thuan |last31=Ollinger |first31=Frederick |last32=Orr |first32=Sarah |last33=Ouyang |first33=Yuxuan |last34=Pan |first34=Paul |last35=Park |first35=Namseok |last36=Porras |first36=David |last37=Prabhu |first37=Keshav |last38=Reese |first38=Cassandra |last39=Ruel |first39=Travers |last40=Sauerbrey |first40=Trevor |last41=Sawyer |first41=Jaymie R. |last42=Sinha |first42=Prem |last43=Tu |first43=Jacky |last44=Venkatesh |first44=A. G. |last45=VijayKumar |first45=Sushmitha |last46=Zheng |first46=Le |last47=Jin |first47=Sungho |last48=Tour |first48=James M. |last49=Church |first49=George M. |last50=Mola |first50=Paul W. |last51=Merriman |first51=Barry |title=Molecular electronics sensors on a scalable semiconductor chip: A platform for single-molecule measurement of binding kinetics and enzyme activity |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=1 February 2022 |volume=119 |issue=5 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2112812119 |doi-access=free |pmid=35074874 |pmc=8812571 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11912812F |language=en |issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Systems of [[electronic skin]]s (or robot skins) with built-in biosensors (or chemical sensors) and human-machine interfaces may enable wearable as well as [[remote sensing|remote sensed]] device- or [[robotic sensing|robotic-sensing]] of pathogens (as well as of several hazardous materials and [[tactile sensor|tactile perceptions]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=You |last2=Li |first2=Jiahong |last3=Solomon |first3=Samuel A. |last4=Min |first4=Jihong |last5=Tu |first5=Jiaobing |last6=Guo |first6=Wei |last7=Xu |first7=Changhao |last8=Song |first8=Yu |last9=Gao |first9=Wei |title=All-printed soft human-machine interface for robotic physicochemical sensing |journal=Science Robotics |date=June 1, 2022 |volume=7 |issue=67 |pages=eabn0495 |doi=10.1126/scirobotics.abn0495 |pmid=35648844 |pmc=9302713 |language=en |issn=2470-9476 }}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=August 2022}}