Editing Brain tumor (section)

==Epidemiology==
The incidence of brain tumors is higher in developed countries.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bondy ML, Scheurer ME, Malmer B, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Davis FG, Il'yasova D, Kruchko C, McCarthy BJ, Rajaraman P, Schwartzbaum JA, Sadetzki S, Schlehofer B, Tihan T, Wiemels JL, Wrensch M, Buffler PA | title = Brain tumor epidemiology: consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium | journal = Cancer | volume = 113 | issue = 7 Suppl | pages = 1953–68 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18798534 | pmc = 2861559 | doi = 10.1002/cncr.23741 }}</ref> This could be explained by undiagnosed tumor-related deaths in resource limited or lower income countries or by early deaths caused by other poverty-related causes that preempt a patient's life before tumors develop.

The incidence of CNS tumors in the United States, Israel, and the Nordic countries is relatively high, while Japan and Asian countries have a lower incidence.<ref name=gallo>{{EMedicine|article|1156429|Low-Grade Astrocytoma}}</ref>
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{{cite journal | vauthors = Crespo-Rodríguez AM, Smirniotopoulos JG, Rushing EJ | title = MR and CT imaging of 24 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas (PXA) and a review of the literature | journal = Neuroradiology | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 307–315 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17205313 | doi = 10.1007/s00234-006-0191-z }}
--><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-dep.iarc.fr |title=CANCERMondial |publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer |access-date=17 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217163455/http://www-dep.iarc.fr/ |archive-date=17 February 2012  }}</ref>

===United States===
In the United States in 2015, approximately 166,039 people were living with brain or other central nervous system tumors. Over 2018, it was projected that there would be 23,880 new cases of brain tumors and 16,830 deaths in 2018 as a result,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/brain.html|title=Cancer Stat Facts: Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer|date=31 March 2019|website=National Cancer Institute}}</ref> accounting for 1.4 percent of all cancers and 2.8 percent of all cancer deaths.<ref name=r2>{{cite web |publisher=American Cancer Society |url=http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BrainCNSTumorsinAdults/DetailedGuide/brain-and-spinal-cord-tumors-in-adults-key-statistics |title=What are the key statistics about brain and spinal cord tumors? |date=1 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702042112/http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BrainCNSTumorsinAdults/DetailedGuide/brain-and-spinal-cord-tumors-in-adults-key-statistics |archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Median age of diagnosis was 58 years old, while median age of death was 65. Diagnosis was slightly more common in males, at approximately 7.5 cases per 100 000 people, while females saw 2 fewer at 5.4. Deaths as a result of brain cancer were 5.3 per 100 000 for males, and 3.6 per 100 000 for females, making brain cancer the 10th leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Overall lifetime risk of developing brain cancer is approximated at 0.6 percent for men and women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbtrus.org/factsheet/factsheet.html|title=2018 CBTRUS Fact Sheet|date=31 March 2019|website=Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States|access-date=14 February 2019|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061511/http://www.cbtrus.org/factsheet/factsheet.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===UK===
Brain, other CNS or intracranial tumors are the ninth most common cancer in the UK (around 10,600 people were diagnosed in 2013), and it is the eighth most common cause of cancer death (around 5,200 people died in 2012).<ref>{{cite web|title=Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours statistics|url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/brain/|website=Cancer Research UK|access-date=27 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016033148/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/brain/|archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> White British patients with brain tumour are 30% more likely to die within a year of diagnosis than patients from other ethnicities.  The reason for this is unknown.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/nov/09/white-british-brain-tumour-patients-more-likely-to-die-in-a-year White British brain tumour patients 'more likely to die in a year'] ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref>

===Children===
In the United States more than 28,000 people under 20 are estimated to have a brain tumor.<ref name="Quick Brain Tumor Facts">{{Cite web|url=http://braintumor.org/brain-tumor-information/brain-tumor-facts/|title=Quick Brain Tumor Facts|website=National Brain Tumor Society|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> About 3,720 new cases of brain tumors are expected to be diagnosed in those under 15 in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbtrus.org/factsheet/factsheet.html|title=CBTRUS – 2018 CBTRUS Fact Sheet|website=cbtrus.org|access-date=14 February 2019|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061511/http://www.cbtrus.org/factsheet/factsheet.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Higher rates were reported in 1985–1994 than in 1975–1983. There is some debate as to the reasons; one theory is that the trend is the result of improved diagnosis and reporting, since the jump occurred at the same time that [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRIs]] became available widely, and there was no coincident jump in [[Mortality rate|mortality]]. Central nervous system tumors make up 20–25 percent of cancers in children.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hoda SA, Cheng E |date=6 November 2017|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|journal=American Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=557 |doi=10.1093/ajcp/aqx095 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="r2" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chamberlain MC, Kormanik PA | title = Practical guidelines for the treatment of malignant gliomas | journal = The Western Journal of Medicine | volume = 168 | issue = 2 | pages = 114–120 | date = February 1998 | pmid = 9499745 | pmc = 1304839 }}</ref>

The average survival rate for all primary brain cancers in children is 74%.<ref name="Quick Brain Tumor Facts"/> Brain cancers are the most common cancer in children under 19, are result in more death in this group than [[leukemia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/09/16/cancer-in-children-deaths/|title=Childhood Brain Cancer Now Leads to More Deaths than Leukemia|website=Fortune|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> Younger people do less well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seer.cancer.gov/publications/childhood/cns.pdf |title=CNS and Miscellaneous Intracranial and Intraspinal Neoplasms |access-date=4 December 2008 |vauthors=Gurney JG, Smith MA, Bunin GR |work=SEER Pediatric Monograph |publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]] |pages=51–57 |quote=In the US, approximately 2,200 children and adolescents younger than 20 years of age are diagnosed with malignant central nervous system tumors each year. More than 90 percent of primary CNS malignancies in children are located within the brain. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217044133/http://seer.cancer.gov/publications/childhood/cns.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008  }}</ref>

The most common brain tumor types in children (0–14) are: [[pilocytic astrocytoma]], [[Glioma|malignant glioma]], [[medulloblastoma]], neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors, and [[ependymoma]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/ependymoma/| title=Ependymoma|website=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library |access-date= 19 July 2021}}</ref>

In children under 2, about 70% of brain tumors are [[medulloblastoma]]s, [[ependymoma]]s, and low-grade [[glioma]]s. Less commonly, and seen usually in infants, are [[teratoma]]s and [[ATRT|atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.childhoodbraintumor.org/brain-tumor-types-and-imaging/163-infantile-brain-tumors.html |title=Infantile Brain Tumors | vauthors = Rood BR |publisher=The Childhood Brain Tumor Foundation |access-date=23 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111030047/http://www.childhoodbraintumor.org/brain-tumor-types-and-imaging/163-infantile-brain-tumors.html |archive-date=11 November 2012  }}</ref> [[Germ cell tumor]]s, including teratomas, make up just 3% of pediatric primary brain tumors, but the worldwide incidence varies significantly.<ref name=pmid18586924>{{cite journal | vauthors = Echevarría ME, Fangusaro J, Goldman S | title = Pediatric central nervous system germ cell tumors: a review | journal = The Oncologist | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 690–9 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18586924 | doi = 10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0037 | s2cid = 8114229 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In the UK, 429 children aged 14 and under are diagnosed with a brain tumour on average each year, and 563 children and young people under the age of 19 are diagnosed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/understanding-brain-tumours/symptoms-and-information/childhood-brain-tumours/|title=About childhood brain tumours|access-date=16 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807085945/https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/understanding-brain-tumours/symptoms-and-information/childhood-brain-tumours/|archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>