Editing Coagulation (section)

===Initial discoveries===
Theories on the coagulation of blood have existed since antiquity. Physiologist [[Johannes Peter Müller|Johannes Müller]] (1801–1858) described fibrin, the substance of a [[thrombus]]. Its soluble precursor, [[fibrinogen]], was thus named by [[Rudolf Virchow]] (1821–1902), and isolated chemically by [[Prosper Sylvain Denis]] (1799–1863). [[Alexander Schmidt (physiologist)|Alexander Schmidt]] suggested that the conversion from fibrinogen to fibrin is the result of an [[enzyme|enzymatic]] process, and labeled the hypothetical enzyme "[[thrombin]]" and its precursor "[[prothrombin]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt A |year=1872 |title=Neue Untersuchungen über die Faserstoffgerinnung |journal=Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie |volume=6 |pages=413–538 |doi=10.1007/BF01612263 |s2cid=37273997}}</ref><ref>Schmidt A. Zur Blutlehre. Leipzig: Vogel, 1892.</ref> [[Nicolas Maurice Arthus|Arthus]] discovered in 1890 that calcium was essential in coagulation.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arthus M, Pagès C |year=1890 |title=Nouvelle theorie chimique de la coagulation du sang |journal=Arch Physiol Norm Pathol |volume=5 |pages=739–46}}</ref><ref name="Shapiro">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shapiro SS |date=October 2003 |title=Treating thrombosis in the 21st century |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=349 |issue=18 |pages=1762–64 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe038152 |pmid=14585945}}</ref> [[Platelet]]s were identified in 1865, and their function was elucidated by [[Giulio Bizzozero]] in 1882.<ref name="Brewer">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brewer DB |date=May 2006 |title=Max Schultze (1865), G. Bizzozero (1882) and the discovery of the platelet |journal=British Journal of Haematology |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=251–58 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06036.x |pmid=16643426 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The theory that thrombin is generated by the presence of [[tissue factor]] was consolidated by [[Paul Morawitz]] in 1905.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morawitz P |year=1905 |title=Die Chemie der Blutgerinnung |journal=Ergebn Physiol |volume=4 |pages=307–422 |doi=10.1007/BF02321003 |s2cid=84003009}}</ref> At this stage, it was known that ''thrombokinase/thromboplastin'' (factor III) is released by damaged tissues, reacting with ''prothrombin'' (II), which, together with [[calcium in biology|calcium]] (IV), forms ''thrombin'', which converts fibrinogen into ''fibrin'' (I).<ref name="Giangrande">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Giangrande PL |date=June 2003 |title=Six characters in search of an author: the history of the nomenclature of coagulation factors |journal=British Journal of Haematology |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=703–12 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04333.x |pmid=12780784 |s2cid=22694905}}</ref>