Editing DNA sequencing (section)

==== Massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) ====
The first of the high-throughput sequencing technologies, [[massively parallel signature sequencing]] (or MPSS, also called next generation sequencing), was developed in the 1990s at Lynx Therapeutics, a company founded in 1992 by [[Sydney Brenner]] and [[Applied Biosystems#History|Sam Eletr]]. MPSS was a bead-based method that used a complex approach of adapter ligation followed by adapter decoding, reading the sequence in increments of four nucleotides. This method made it susceptible to sequence-specific bias or loss of specific sequences. Because the technology was so complex, MPSS was only performed 'in-house' by Lynx Therapeutics and no DNA sequencing machines were sold to independent laboratories. Lynx Therapeutics merged with Solexa (later acquired by [[Illumina (company)|Illumina]]) in 2004, leading to the development of sequencing-by-synthesis, a simpler approach acquired from [[Manteia Predictive Medicine]], which rendered MPSS obsolete. However, the essential properties of the MPSS output were typical of later high-throughput data types, including hundreds of thousands of short DNA sequences. In the case of MPSS, these were typically used for sequencing [[cDNA]] for measurements of [[gene expression]] levels.<ref name="Brenner_2000"/>