Editing Dnipro (section)

===Cityscape===
[[File:Stalinist Architecture Dnipropetrovsk.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Stalinist architecture]] on the {{ill|Dmytro Yavornytsky Avenue|uk|Проспект Дмитра Яворницького|ru|Проспект Дмитрия Яворницкого|de|Dmytro-Jawornyzkyj-Prospekt}}]]
Dnipro is a primarily industrial city of around one million people. It has developed into a large urban centre over the past few centuries to become, today, Ukraine's fourth-largest city after [[Kyiv]], [[Kharkiv]] and [[Odessa|Odesa]]. [[Stalinist architecture]] (monumental soviet classicism) dominates in the city centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnepr.com/main/sport_and_culture_dp/7847-ot-stalinskogo-ampira-do-brezhnevskogo-minimalizma.html |title=От "сталинского ампира" до "брежневского минимализма" " www.DNEPR.com – Главный портал города Днепропетровска |publisher=DNEPR.com |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref>

Immediately after its foundation Yekaterinoslav, began to develop exclusively on the right bank of the [[Dnieper River]]. At first the city developed radially from the central point provided by the [[Transfiguration Cathedral, Dnipro|Transfiguration Cathedral]], completed in 1835.<ref name="ukrssr2"/> [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] structures of brick and stone construction were preferred and the city began to take on the appearance of a typical European city of the era. Many of these buildings have been retained in the city's older [[Sobornyi District, Dnipro|Sobornyi District]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=52 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> Among the most important buildings of this era are the Transfiguration Cathedral, and a number of buildings in the area surrounding Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, including the [[Khrennikov House]].

Over the next few decades, until the final end of the [[Russian Empire]] with the [[October Revolution]] in 1917, the city did not change much in appearance. The predominant architectural style remained [[neo-classicism]]. Notable buildings built in the era before 1917 include the main building of the [[Dnipro Polytechnic]], which was built in 1899–1901,<ref>{{cite web |author=Вт, 12 марта 201307:51 |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/out/attractions/oneplace/?place_id=932 |title=Национальный Горный Университет – Днепропетровск |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> the art-nouveau inspired building of the city's former [[Duma]] (parliament),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dneprotur.ucoz.com/photo/retrophotos/old_dnepropetrovsk/city_council/27-0-46 |title=Городская Дума – Старый Днепропетровск – Ретрофото – Фотоальбомы – Памятники, архитектура, история, туризм |publisher=Dneprotur.ucoz.com |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> the Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum, and the [[Élie Metchnikoff|Mechnikov]] Regional Hospital. Other buildings of the era that did not fit the typical architectural style of the time in Dnipropetrovsk include,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=53 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> the Ukrainian-influenced Grand Hotel Ukraine, the Russian revivalist style railway station (since reconstructed),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ef2012.com/index.php/ru/rezervnye-goroda/dnepropetrovsk/jd-vokzal-dnepropetrovsk.html |script-title=ru:Железнодорожный вокзал, Днепропетровск, Украина |trans-title=Railway station, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine |language=ru |publisher=ef2012.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425125011/http://www.ef2012.com/index.php/ru/rezervnye-goroda/dnepropetrovsk/jd-vokzal-dnepropetrovsk.html |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> and the [[Art Nouveau|art-nouveau]] Astoriya building on Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt.

Once Yekaterinoslav became part of the [[Soviet Union]] ([[Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|officially in 1922]]), and became Dnipropetrovsk in 1926,<ref name="Petrovsky"/> the city was gradually purged of tsarist-era monuments. Monumental architecture was stripped of Imperial coats of arms and other non-socialist symbolism. Following the 1917 October Revolution, a monument to [[Catherine the Great]] that stood in front of the Mining Institute was replaced with one of Russian academic [[Mikhail Lomonosov]].<ref name="oneplace1220130751">{{cite web |author=Вт, 12 марта 201307:51 |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/out/attractions/oneplace/?place_id=1122 |title=Ломоносову М.В., памятник – Днепропетровск |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |date=14 September 2011 |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref>

Later, due to damage from [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], badly damaged buildings were, more often than not, demolished completely and replaced with new structures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=67 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> In the early 1950s, during the ongoing industrialisation of the city, much of Dnipropetrovsk's centre was rebuilt in the Stalinist style of [[Socialist Realism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=39 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> This is one of the main reasons why much of Dnipro's central avenue, [[Dmytro Yavornytsky|Akademik Yavornitskyi]] Prospekt (formerly [[Karl Marx]] Prospect), is designed in the style of Stalinist Social Realism.<ref>[http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=67] Центральный проспект почти полностью был разрушен. Практически его нужно было создать заново</ref> A number of large buildings were reconstructed. The main railway station, for example, was stripped of its [[Russian Revival architecture|Russian-revival]] ornamentation and redesigned in the style of Stalinist social-realism.<ref>[http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=67] Центральный железнодорожный вокзал был уничтожен во время войны. Потребовалось строительство нового здания</ref>
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The [[Khrennikov House|Grand Hotel Ukraine]] survived the war but was later simplified much in design, with its roof being reconstructed in a typical French [[Mansard roof|mansard style]] as opposed to the ornamental [[Ukrainian Baroque]] of the pre-war era. Many pre-revolution buildings were reconstructed to suit new purposes. For example, the [[Nicholas II of Russia|Emperor Nicholas II]] Commercial Institute in the city was reconstructed to serve as the administrative centre for the [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]], a function it fulfils to this day. Other buildings, such as the Potemkin Palace were given over to "the [[proletariat]]" (the [[working man]]), in this case as the students' union of the [[Oles Honchar Dnipro National University]].

After the death of [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1953 and the appointment of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], the industrialisation of Dnipropetrovsk became even more profound, with the [[PA Pivdenmash|Southern (Yuzhne) Missile and Rocket factory]] being set up in the city. However, this was not the only development and many other factories, especially metallurgical and heavy-manufacturing plants, were set up in the city.<ref name=gorod.dp.ua-68>{{cite news |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=68 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Просп. Гагарина, дом 99. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Khrushchyovka]]s on {{ill|Science Avenue|uk|Проспект Науки (Дніпро)|ru|Проспект Науки (Днепр)}} (formerly [[Gagarin]] Avenue)<ref name="vulicya-chornobrivciv-ne">{{cite web |author=Stas Rudenko|title=Chornobrivtsiv Street did not appear: Gagarin Avenue and 91 other toponyms were renamed in Dnipro|url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/vulicya-chornobrivciv-ne-z-yavilasya-u-dnipri-pereymenuvali-prospekt-gagarina-ta-shche-91-toponim|date=31 January 2024|access-date=31 January 2024|language=Ukrainian|website=dp.informator.ua}}<br>{{cite web |author=Stas Rudenko|title=Gagarin, Titov, Sofia Kovalevska and more than 90 streets and alleys are going to be renamed in Dnipro|url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/u-dnipri-zbirayutsya-pereymenuvati-gagarina-titova-sofiji-kovalevskoji-ta-shche-ponad-90-vulic-ta-provulkiv|website=Informator|date=23 January 2024|access-date=23 February 2024|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>]]
As a result of all this industrialisation the city's inner suburbs became increasingly polluted and were gradually given over to large, industrial enterprises. At the same time the extensive development of the city's left bank and western suburbs as new residential areas began.<ref name=gorod.dp.ua-68/> The low-rise tenant houses of the Khrushchev era ([[Khrushchyovka]]s) gave way to the construction of high-rise prefabricated apartment blocks (similar to German [[Plattenbau]]s). In 1976, in line with the city's 1926 renaming, a large monumental statue of [[Grigoriy Petrovsky]] was placed on the square in front of the [[Dnipro railway station|city's railway station]].<ref name="toppled135443012"/><ref>[http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=67] В 1976 г. архитектурно-художественная композиция привокзальной площади была завершена постановкой памятника Г. И. Петровскому</ref>

Since the [[independence of Ukraine]] in 1991 and the economic development that followed, a number of large commercial and business centres have been built in the city's outskirts. To this day the city is characterised by its mix of architectural styles, with much of the city's centre consisting of pre-revolutionary buildings in a variety of styles, stalinist buildings and constructivist architecture, while residential districts are, more often than not, made up of aesthetically simple, technically outdated mid-rise and high-rise housing stock from the Soviet era. Despite this, the city has a large number of 'private sectors' where the tradition of building and maintaining individual detached housing has continued to this day.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

The local statue of [[Lenin]] was toppled by protesters in February 2014 the day after Ukraine's president [[Viktor Yanukovych]] [[Revolution of Dignity|fled to]] Russia [[Euromaidan|following months of protests against him]].<ref name="usatoday.comLmDg">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/03/14/ukraine-crimea-referendum/6319183/ In East Ukraine, fear of Putin, anger at Kiev]<br />[http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/ukraine-day-after_783577.html Ukraine: the Day After] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101811/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/ukraine-day-after_783577.html |date=17 June 2015 }}<br />[http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/sche-odnogo-lenyna-zvalili-v-dnypropetrovsku-363832.html Пам'ятник Леніну у Дніпропетровську остаточно перетворили в купу каміння "Monument to Lenin in Dnipropetrovsk finally turned into a pile of stones"]</ref><ref name="WynnyckyjKramer20150104">{{cite book |last1=Wynnyckyj |first1=Mychailo |title=Ukraine's Maidan, Russia's War: A Chronicle and Analysis of the Revolution of Dignity |date=2019 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |pages=132–135}}<br>{{Cite news |last1=Higgins |first1=Andrew |last2=Kramer |first2=Andrew E. |date=2015-01-04 |title=Ukraine Leader Was Defeated Even Before He Was Ousted |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/world/europe/ukraine-leader-was-defeated-even-before-he-was-ousted.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The square were the statue had stood for some 50 years was soon renamed from "Lenin Square" to "[[Maidan casualties|Heroes of]] [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Maidan Square]]".<ref name="usatoday.comLmDg"/>

In late November 2015 about 300 streets, 5 of the 8 city districts and one metro station were renamed to comply with [[Decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].<ref name="radiosvoboda.mobi"/>

The 1976 Petrovsky statue was destroyed by an angry mob on 29 January 2016.<ref name="toppled135443012">{{cite web |agency=[[AFP News]]|title=Statue of controversial Bolshevik leader toppled in Ukraine|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/statue-controversial-bolshevik-leader-toppled-ukraine-135443012.html|website=[[Yahoo News]] Singapore|date=30 January 2016|language=en}}<br>{{cite web |last1=Soviet-Era |title=Monument Torn Down in Eastern Ukraine |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-monument/27523767.html |website=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=February 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

As part of the [[Derussification in Ukraine|derussification campaign]] that swept through Ukraine following the February [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], 110 toponyms in the city were renamed from February to September 2022.<ref name="DniproSBS7368431"/> On 3 May 2022 alone more than a dozen memorials erected during Soviet times were dismantled.<ref name="7343701BALACHUKmemorials">{{cite web |author=IRINA BALACHUK|title=More than a dozen memorials related to the USSR were removed from Dnipro|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/05/3/7343701/|website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |date=3 May 2022|access-date=1 November 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="dniprodemontazh31832051"/> In December 2022 the Dnipro communal services (in accordance a decision of the [[Dnipro City Council]]) removed from the city all monuments to figures of [[Russian culture]] and [[History of Russia|history]].<ref name="nmMGmDnipro7379537"/> This meant that monuments to [[Alexander Pushkin]], [[Alexander Matrosov]], [[Volodia Dubinin]], [[Maxim Gorky]], [[Valery Chkalov]], [[Yefim Pushkin]] and [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] were removed from the public space of the city.<ref name="nmMGmDnipro7379537"/> On 16 November 2022 Pushkin Avenue in Dnipro had been renamed [[Lesya Ukrainka]] Avenue.<ref name="news-dnipro-pushkin-32180120">{{cite web |title=A monument to Pushkin was dismantled in Dnipro (photo)|url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-dnipro-pushkin-demontazh/32180120.html|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=16 December 2022|access-date=16 December 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> In January 2023 a [[T-34]] tank on Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt that served as a monument to [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] Yefim Pushkin was removed after the Dnipro City Council had decided the monument "has no historical or artistic value."<ref>{{cite web |title=A Soviet tank was removed from its pedestal in the Dnipro|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2023/01/4/162253/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda|Istorychna Pravda ("Historical Truth")]]|date=4 January 2023|access-date=4 January 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="tank-na-prospekti-yavornickogo"/>{{#tag:ref|This monument of Yefim Pushkin was erected 1967 and was intended to symbolize the [[Battle of the Dnieper|liberation of Dnipro]] from the [[Nazis]] by the [[Red Army|Soviet army]].<ref name="tank-na-prospekti-yavornickogo">{{cite web |author=Alina Samoilenko|title=In Dnipro, the legendary tank was dismantled on Yavornytsky Avenue|url=https://dnepr.express/post/u-dnipri-demontuvali-legendarnij-tank-na-prospekti-yavornickogo|website=Дніпро Оперативний|date=4 January 2023|access-date=4 January 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> On 5 January 2023, the day after the monument was dismantled, Mayor of Dnipro [[Borys Filatov]] claimed that Yefim Pushkin "defended our city when the Soviet command was incompetent, in just a few days, surrendering a huge industrial centre to the advancing [[Nazis]]."<ref name="tank-1967-Dnipro-yavornickogo"/> Filatov also claimed that the [[T-34]] tank of the monument was of a modification of 1967 and so could have never been driven by Pushkin.<ref name="tank-1967-Dnipro-yavornickogo">{{cite web |author=Olexei Alexandrov|title=" I'm not at war with the story": Filatov dispelled the myths about the Pushkin tank monument and the Matrosov memorial|url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/ya-ne-voyuyu-z-istoriyeyu-filatov-rozviyav-mifi-pro-pamyatnik-tank-pushkinu-ta-memorial-matrosovu|website=Informator|date=5 January 2023|access-date=5 January 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>|group=nb}} 26 more streets were renamed in Dnipro on 22 February 2023.<ref name="dnipri-pereymenuvali-26"/> In December 2023 the renaming of streets continued with on 20 December 2023 again 53 city toponyms their names being changed by the [[Dnipro City Council]].<ref name="53-vulici-ta-provulki">{{cite web |author=Stas Rudenko|title=Kamianoghirska still remains: 53 streets and alleys were renamed in Dnipro|url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/kam-yanogirska-poki-zalishayetsya-u-dnipri-pereymenuvali-53-vulici-ta-provulki|date=20 December 2023|access-date=21 December 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> Also on this day the Dnipro City Council renamed a part of Dnipro's central avenue, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, in honor of commander of the [[:uk:1-й окремий механізований батальйон «Вовки Да Вінчі»|1st Mechanized Battalion]] of the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]] and [[Hero of Ukraine]] [[Dmytro Kotsiubailo]] (who had perished on 7 March 2023 in [[Battle of Bakhmut|battle near Bakhmut]]).<ref name="kver-na-chest-dmitro-da-vinchi">{{cite web |author=Stas Rudenko|title=A square in honor of Dmytro "Da Vinci" Kotsyubail appeared in Dnipro|url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/u-dnipri-z-yavivsya-skver-na-chest-dmitra-da-vinchi-kocyubayla|date=20 December 2023|access-date=21 December 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> On 31 January 2024 92 other toponyms were renamed by the Dnipro City Council, including the avenue named after (Soviet [[cosmonaut]] and first human in space) [[Yuri Gagarin]].<ref name="vulicya-chornobrivciv-ne"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Streets of world-famous researchers of the Holodomor appeared in Dnipro|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2024/02/7/163623/|date=7 February 2024|access-date=9 February 2024|language=Ukrainian|website=[[Istorychna Pravda]]}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Architecture and historically significant sites and monuments in Dnipro">
File:Istorichnii myzei Dnipropetrovs'ka.JPG|The Yavornytsky Historical Museum
File:Passage, Dnepropetrovsk.jpg|[[Stalinist architecture]] blends with the post-modernism of Dnipro's 'Passage' shopping and entertainment centre<ref>{{cite web |url=http://akselrod-estate.com/project-passag |title=Торговый комплекс "Пассаж" |publisher=Akselrod-estate.com |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729143203/http://akselrod-estate.com/project-passag |archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>
File:Будинок Громадського зібрання 1.jpg|The Dnipro Philharmonic
</gallery>
{{wide image|Вид на місто зі сторони Південного мосту.jpg|1000px|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of the city}}
{{wide image|Вид на ділову частину міста .jpg|1000px|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of the city}}
{{wide image|Панорама міста.jpg|1000px|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of the city}}