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Etruscan language
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===Consonants=== ====Table of consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! ! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]] ! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]] ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !| [[glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- align=center ![[Nasal stop|Nasal]] | colspan="2" |m<br>{{IPAblink|m}}<br>[[File:EtruscanM-01.svg|14px|M]] | colspan="2" |n<br>{{IPAblink|n̪}}<br>[[File:EtruscanN-01.svg|14px|N]] || | colspan="2" | || |- align=center ![[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] |p<br>{{IPAblink|p}}<br>[[File:EtruscanP-01.svg|14px|P]] |φ<br>{{IPAblink|pʰ}}<br>[[File:EtruscanPH-01.svg|14px|Φ]] |t<br>{{IPAblink|t̪}}<br>[[File:EtruscanT-01.svg|14px|T]] |θ<br>{{IPAblink|t̪ʰ}}<br>[[File:EtruscanTH-03.svg|14px|Θ]] | |c, k, q<br>{{IPAblink|k}}<br>[[File:EtruscanC-01.svg|14px|C]] [[File:EtruscanK-01.svg|14px|K]] [[File:EtruscanQ-01.svg|14px|Q]] |χ<br>{{IPAblink|kʰ}}<br>[[File:EtruscanKH-01.svg|x16px]] | |- align=center ![[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | z<br>{{IPAblink|t̪͡s̪}}<br>[[File:EtruscanZ-01.svg|14px|Z]] | | colspan="2" | | |- align=center ![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | colspan="2" | p²<br>{{IPAblink|ɸ}}<br>[[File:EtruscanF-02.svg|14px|F]] | colspan="2" |s<br>{{IPAblink|s̪}}<br>[[File:EtruscanS-01.svg|14px|S]] |ś<br>{{IPAblink|ʃ}}<br>[[File:EtruscanSH-01.svg|14px|Ś]] [[File:EtruscanSH-02.svg|14px|Ś]] | colspan="2" | |h<br>{{IPAblink|h}}<br>[[File:EtruscanH-01.svg|14px|H]] |- align=center ![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |l<br>{{IPAblink|l̪}}<br>[[File:EtruscanL-01.svg|14px|L]] |i<br>{{IPAblink|j}}<br>[[File:EtruscanI-01.svg|14px|I]] | colspan="2" |v<br>{{IPAblink|w}}<br>[[File:EtruscanF-01.svg|14px|V]] | |- align=center ![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |r<br>{{IPAblink|r̪}}<br>[[File:EtruscanR-03.svg|14px|R]] | | colspan="2" | || |} Etruscan also might have had consonants ʧ and ʧʰ, as they might be represented in the writing by using two letters, like in the word {{Transliteration|ett|prumaθś}} ('great-nephew' or 'great-grandson'). However, this theory is not widely accepted. ====Absence of voiced stops==== The Etruscan consonant system primarily distinguished between aspirated and non-aspirated stops. There were no voiced stops. When words from foreign languages were borrowed into Etruscan, voiced stops typically became unvoiced stops; one example is Greek {{Lang|grc-latn|thriambos}}, which became Etruscan {{Transliteration|ett|triumpus}} and Latin {{Lang|la|triumphus}}.<ref>J.H. Adams pp. 163–164.</ref> Such a lack of voiced stops is not particularly unusual; it is found e.g. in modern [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], in [[Scottish Gaelic]], and in most [[Chinese languages]]. Even in English, aspiration is often more important than voice in the distinction of [[Fortis and lenis|fortis-lenis]] pairs. ====Syllabic theory==== Based on standard spellings by Etruscan scribes of words without vowels or with unlikely consonant clusters (e.g. {{Transliteration|ett|cl}} 'of this (gen.)' and {{Transliteration|ett|lautn}} 'freeman'), it is likely that {{IPA|/m, n, l, r/}} were sometimes syllabic [[sonorant]]s (cf. English ''litt'''le''''', ''butto'''n'''''). Thus {{Transliteration|ett|cl}} {{IPA|/kl̩/}} and {{Transliteration|ett|lautn}} {{IPA|/ˈlɑwtn̩/}}. Rix postulates several syllabic consonants, namely {{IPA|/l, r, m, n/}} and palatal {{IPA|/lʲ, rʲ, nʲ/}} as well as a labiovelar fricative {{IPA|/xʷ/}}, and some scholars such as [[Mauro Cristofani]] also view the aspirates as palatal rather than aspirated but these views are not shared by most Etruscologists. Rix supports his theories by means of variant spellings such as {{Transliteration|ett|amφare}}''/''{{Transliteration|ett|amφiare}}, {{Transliteration|ett|larθal}}''/''{{Transliteration|ett|larθial}}, {{Transliteration|ett|aranθ}}''/''{{Transliteration|ett|aranθiia}}.
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