Editing Face perception (section)

== Schizophrenia ==
[[File:Schizophrenia.png|alt=The portrait Schizophrenia, by William A. Ursprung.|thumb|''Schizophrenia'', by William A. Ursprung]]
[[Schizophrenia]] is known to affect attention, perception, memory, learning, processing, reasoning, and problem solving.<ref name=Megreya16>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/13546805.2015.1133407|pmid=26816133|title=Face perception in schizophrenia: A specific deficit|journal=Cognitive Neuropsychiatry|volume=21|issue=1|pages=60–72|year=2016|last1=Megreya|first1=Ahmed M.|s2cid=26125559}}</ref>

Schizophrenia has been linked to impaired face and emotion perception.<ref name=Megreya16 /><ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Onitsuka|first1=Toshiaki|last2=Niznikiewicz|first2=Margaret A.|last3=Spencer|first3=Kevin M.|last4=Frumin|first4=Melissa|last5=Kuroki|first5=Noriomi|last6=Lucia|first6=Lisa C.|last7=Shenton|first7=Martha E.|last8=McCarley|first8=Robert W.|title=Functional and Structural Deficits in Brain Regions Subserving Face Perception in Schizophrenia|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|date=March 2006|volume=163|issue=3|pages=455–462|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.455|pmid=16513867|pmc=2773688 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal|pmid=26778631|year=2016|last1=Tang|first1=D. Y.|title=Facial emotion perception impairments in schizophrenia patients with comorbid antisocial personality disorder|journal=[[Psychiatry Research]]|volume=236|pages=22–7|last2=Liu|first2=A. C.|last3=Lui|first3=S. S.|last4=Lam|first4=B. Y.|last5=Siu|first5=B. W.|last6=Lee|first6=T. M.|last7=Cheung|first7=E. F.|doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.005|s2cid=6029349}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite journal|pmid=21803427|year=2012|last1=Soria Bauser|first1=D|title=Face and body perception in schizophrenia: A configural processing deficit?|journal=[[Psychiatry Research]]|volume=195|issue=1–2|pages=9–17|last2=Thoma|first2=P|last3=Aizenberg|first3=V|last4=Brüne|first4=M|last5=Juckel|first5=G|last6=Daum|first6=I|doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.017|s2cid=6137252}}</ref> People with schizophrenia demonstrate worse accuracy and slower response time in face perception tasks in which they are asked to match faces, remember faces, and recognize which emotions are present in a face.<ref name=":5" /> People with schizophrenia have more difficulty matching upright faces than they do with inverted faces.<ref name=Megreya16 /> A reduction in configural processing, using the distance between features of an item for recognition or identification (e.g. features on a face such as eyes or nose), has also been linked to schizophrenia.<ref name=":5" />

Schizophrenia patients are able to easily identify a "happy" affect but struggle to identify faces as "sad" or "fearful".<ref name=":4" /> Impairments in face and emotion perception are linked to impairments in social skills, due to the individual's inability to distinguish facial emotions.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> People with schizophrenia tend to demonstrate a reduced N170 response, atypical face scanning patterns, and a configural processing dysfunction.<ref name=Megreya16/> The severity of schizophrenia symptoms has been found to correlate with the severity of impairment in face perception.<ref name=":5" />

Individuals with diagnosed schizophrenia and [[antisocial personality disorder]] have been found to have even more impairment in face and emotion perception than individuals with just schizophrenia. These individuals struggle to identify anger, surprise, and disgust. There is a link between aggression and emotion perception difficulties for people with this dual diagnosis.<ref name=":4" />

Data from [[magnetic resonance imaging]] and functional magnetic resonance imaging has shown that a smaller volume of the fusiform gyrus is linked to greater impairments in face perception.<ref name=":3" />

There is a positive correlation between self-face recognition and other-face recognition difficulties in individuals with schizophrenia. The degree of schizotypy has also been shown to correlate with self-face difficulties, unusual perception difficulties, and other face recognition difficulties.<ref name=":82">{{cite journal|last1=Lar⊘i|first1=Frank|last2=D'Argembeau|first2=Arnaud|last3=Brédart|first3=Serge|last4=van der Linden|first4=Martial|title=Face recognition failures in schizotypy|journal=Cognitive Neuropsychiatry|date=November 2007|volume=12|issue=6|pages=554–571|doi=10.1080/13546800701707223|pmid=17978939|hdl=2268/1432 |s2cid=42925862 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Schizophrenia patients report more feelings of strangeness when looking in a mirror than do normal controls. Hallucinations, somatic concerns, and depression have all been found to be associated with self-face perception difficulties.<ref name=":72">{{cite journal|last1=Bortolon|first1=Catherine|last2=Capdevielle|first2=Delphine|last3=Altman|first3=Rosalie|last4=Macgregor|first4=Alexandra|last5=Attal|first5=Jérôme|last6=Raffard|first6=Stéphane|title=Mirror self-face perception in individuals with schizophrenia: Feelings of strangeness associated with one's own image|journal=Psychiatry Research|date=July 2017|volume=253|pages=205–210|doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.055|pmid=28390296|s2cid=207453912 }}</ref>