Editing Globalization (section)

===Environmentalist opposition===
{{Main|Environmentalism}}
{{See also|Climate change|Deforestation}}
[[File:Madagascar highland plateau.jpg|thumb|[[Deforestation]] of the [[Madagascar]] Highland Plateau has led to extensive [[siltation]] and unstable flows of western [[river]]s.]]
[[File:Carbon footprint hotspots of foreign final consumption in China.webp|thumb|'''a''' shows carbon footprint (CF) hotspots of foreign final consumption in China. '''b'''–'''d''' show carbon footprint hotspots of the consumption of the United States, Hong Kong, and Japan, respectively. Among all foreign regions, the United States, Hong Kong, and Japan have the largest CFs in China, contributing ~23.0%, 10.8%, and 9.0%, respectively, to the total foreign CF in China in 2012.]]

[[Environmentalism]] is a broad philosophy, ideology<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/ideology.html |title=Ideology and Sustainability |publisher=Formal.stanford.edu |access-date=13 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042425/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/ideology.html |archive-date=4 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ronald Bailey from the February 2002 issue |url=http://reason.com/archives/2002/02/01/debunking-green-myths |title=Debunking Green Myths |date=February 2002 |publisher=Reason.com |access-date=13 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710221038/http://reason.com/archives/2002/02/01/debunking-green-myths |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Donald Gibson. Environmentalism: Ideology and Power. Nova Science Pub Inc. 2003</ref> and social movement regarding concerns for environmental [[Conservation movement|conservation]] and improvement of the health of the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]. Environmentalist concerns with globalization include issues such as [[global warming]], global [[water supply]] and [[Water security|water crises]], inequity in [[energy consumption]] and [[energy conservation]], transnational [[air pollution]] and pollution of the [[world ocean]], [[Human overpopulation|overpopulation]], world [[habitat]] [[sustainability]], [[deforestation]], [[biodiversity loss]] and [[Holocene extinction|species extinction]].

One critique of globalization is that natural resources of the poor have been systematically taken over by the rich and the pollution promulgated by the rich is systematically dumped on the poor.<ref>Low, Nicholas. (2002). ''Global Ethics and Environment''. Routledge Science. {{ISBN|978-0-415-19735-9}}.</ref> Some argue that Northern corporations are increasingly exploiting resources of less wealthy countries for their global activities while it is the South that is disproportionately bearing the environmental burden of the globalized economy. Globalization is thus leading to a type of" environmental [[apartheid]]".<ref>Lechner, Frank J., and John Boli. 2012. ''The Globalization Reader'', 4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-0-470-65563-4}}.</ref>

[[Helena Norberg-Hodge]], the director and founder of Local Futures/[[International Society for Ecology and Culture]], criticizes globalization in many ways. In her book ''[[Ancient Futures]]'', Norberg-Hodge claims that "centuries of ecological balance and social harmony are under threat from the pressures of development and globalization." She also criticizes the standardization and rationalization of globalization, as it does not always yield the expected growth outcomes. Although globalization takes similar steps in most countries, scholars such as Hodge claim that it might not be effective to certain countries and that globalization has actually moved some countries backward instead of developing them.<ref>{{cite book|last=Norberg-Hodge|first=Helena|title=Ancient futures: learning from Ladakh|year=1992|publisher=Sierra Club Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-87156-643-0|edition=Sierra Club Books paperback|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientfuturesl000norb}}</ref>

A related area of concern is the [[pollution haven hypothesis]], which posits that, when large industrialized nations seek to set up factories or offices abroad, they will often look for the cheapest option in terms of resources and labor that offers the land and material access they require (see [[Race to the bottom]]).<ref name="Unmaskingthe">{{cite journal|last=Levinson|first=Arik|author2=M. Scott Taylor|title=Unmasking the Pollution Haven Effect|journal=[[International Economic Review]]|year=2008|volume=49|issue=1|pages=223–54|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2354.2008.00478.x|s2cid=40982519|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w10629.pdf|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602151508/http://www.nber.org/papers/w10629.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2018|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> This often comes at the cost of environmentally sound practices. Developing countries with cheap resources and labor tend to have less stringent [[environmental regulations]], and conversely, nations with stricter environmental regulations become more expensive for companies as a result of the costs associated with meeting these standards. Thus, companies that choose to physically invest in foreign countries tend to (re)locate to the countries with the lowest [[environmental standard]]s or weakest enforcement.

The [[European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement]], which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas,<ref>{{cite web |title=Farmers, environmentalists slam 'sell-out' EU-Mercosur trade deal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190629-eu-south-america-agriculture-trade-mercosur-farmers-environmentalists |publisher=France24 |date=29 June 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825090453/https://www.france24.com/en/20190629-eu-south-america-agriculture-trade-mercosur-farmers-environmentalists |archive-date=25 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> has been denounced by [[environmental activists]] and [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous rights]] campaigners.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU urged to halt trade talks with S. America over Brazil abuses |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190618-eu-urged-halt-trade-talks-with-america-over-brazil-abuses |work=France 24 |date=18 June 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825102307/https://www.france24.com/en/20190618-eu-urged-halt-trade-talks-with-america-over-brazil-abuses |archive-date=25 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fear is that the deal could lead to more [[deforestation of the Amazon rainforest]] as it expands market access to Brazilian beef.<ref>{{cite web |title=We must not barter the Amazon rainforest for burgers and steaks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2019/jul/02/barter-amazon-rainforest-burgers-steaks-brazil |work=The Guardian |date=2 July 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824153649/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2019/jul/02/barter-amazon-rainforest-burgers-steaks-brazil |archive-date=24 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>