Editing Human migration (section)

===Migration programs===
[[Colonialism]] and [[colonization]] opens up distant territories and their people to migration, having dominated what is identified as [[History of human migration#Modern history|modern migration]]. Colonialism globalized systems of migration and established ties effective until today.<ref name="o590">{{cite book | last=Mayblin | first=Lucy | title=Migration Studies and Colonialism | publisher=Polity | publication-place=Cambridge Medford (Mass.) | date=2021-01-26 | isbn=978-1-5095-4293-2 | page=}}</ref>

While classic modern colonialism relied on the subjugation and rule of local [[indigenous peoples]] by small groups of conquering [[metropole|metropolitan]] people, soon [[forced migration]], through [[slavery]] or [[indentured servitude]] supplanted the subjugated local indigenous peoples.
[[Settler colonialism]] later continued or established the rule of the colonizers through migration, particularly [[settler|settlement]].
Settler colonies relied on the attraction of [[Metropole|metropolitan]] migrants with the [[Manifest destiny|promise of settlement]] and increasingly outnumbering, [[ethnic cleansing|displacing]] or [[genocide|killing]] [[indigenous peoples]].

Only in the late stage of colonialism migration flows oriented towards the metropole instead of out or outside of it. After [[decolonization]] migration ties between former colonies to former metropoles have been continuing. Today's independent countries have developed selective or targeted [[foreign worker]] policies or [[Guest worker program|programs]], with the aim of boosting economies with skilled or relatively cheap new local labour, while discrimination and exploitation are often fed by [[ethnic nationalism|ethnic nationalist]] opposition to such policies.<ref name="i573">{{cite book | last=Gonzalez | first=Gilbert G. | title=Guest Workers Or Colonized Labor? | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=Boulder (Colo.) | date=2013 | isbn=978-1-61205-447-6 | page=}}</ref>