Editing IBM System/370 (section)

===Clones===
In the 360 era, a number of manufacturers had already standardized upon the IBM/360 instruction set and, to a degree, 360 architecture. Notable computer makers included [[Univac]] with the [[UNIVAC 9000 series]], [[RCA]] with the [[RCA Spectra 70]] series, [[English Electric]] with the [[English Electric System 4]], and the Soviet [[ES EVM]]. These computers were not perfectly compatible, nor (except for the Russian efforts)<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]  |date=November 1997
  |url=https://www.wired.com/1997/11/heartof
  |title=Heart of Darkness
  |author=David S. Bennahum
  |quote=from 1967 to 1972, it put in place a massive industrial complex to reverse-engineer, copy, and produce IBM mainframes and DEC minicomputers... Once a computer was reduced to its constituent bits on both a software and hardware level, industrial management designed a manufacturing process to replicate the machine... a clone of the IBM 360/40 in 1970, a Cold War coup. Later, he worked on duplicating the IBM 370}}</ref><ref>Re the 370 (followup to 360/40 clone): {{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/09/24/soviet-radar-allegedly-stolen-from-us/3a754179-c337-4d60-8471-2e7b1d76f6bd/?noredirect=on
|title=Soviet Radar Allegedly Stolen From U.S.
|author=Michael Weisskopf  |date=September 24, 1985}}</ref> were they intended to be.

That changed in the 1970s with the introduction of the IBM/370 and [[Gene Amdahl]]'s launch of his own company. About the same time, Japanese giants began eyeing the lucrative mainframe market both at home and abroad. One Japanese consortium focused upon IBM and two others from the [[BUNCH]] ('''B'''urroughs/'''U'''nivac/'''N'''CR/'''C'''ontrol Data/'''H'''oneywell) group of IBM's competitors.<ref>{{cite news  |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
  |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/05/business/bailing-out-of-the-mainframe-industry.html
  |title=Bailing Out Of The Mainframe Industry
  |quote=an acronym for Burroughs, ... and Honeywell
  |author=David E. Sanger |date=February 5, 1984}}</ref> The latter efforts were abandoned and eventually all Japanese efforts focused on the IBM mainframe lines.

Some of the era's clones included:
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* [[Amdahl Corporation]] 470 series
* [[ES EVM]]
* [[Fujitsu]]
* [[Hitachi]]
* [[Magnuson Computer Systems]]
* [[Mitsubishi]]
* [[Siemens]]
* Two Pi Corporation<ref>{{cite journal
 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1647006  |title=Microprocessor-based minicomputer runs IBM 370 software |date=June 1978
 |journal=Computer |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=87–90 |publisher=IEEE |doi=10.1109/C-M.1978.218231 |access-date=July 1, 2021 |quote=The plug-compatible CPU is the conception of Dr. Jared A. Anderson and his associates at Two Pi Corp., ..|last1=Michalopoulos |first1=D. A. |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Univac]]
}}