Editing In vitro fertilisation (section)

===Other risks to the egg provider/retriever===
A risk of ovarian stimulation is the development of [[ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]], particularly if hCG is used for [[Final maturation (IVF)|inducing final oocyte maturation.]] This results in swollen, painful ovaries. It occurs in 30% of patients. Mild cases can be treated with over the counter medications and cases can be resolved in the absence of pregnancy. In moderate cases, ovaries swell and fluid accumulated in the abdominal cavities and may have symptoms of heartburn, gas, nausea or loss of appetite. In severe cases, patients have sudden excess abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and will result in hospitalisation.

During egg retrieval, there exists a small chance of bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding structures such as bowel and bladder (transvaginal ultrasound aspiration) as well as difficulty in breathing, chest infection, allergic reactions to medication, or nerve damage (laparoscopy).

[[Ectopic pregnancy]] may also occur if a fertilised egg develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes and requires immediate destruction of the foetus.

IVF does not seem to be associated with an elevated risk of [[cervical cancer]], nor with [[ovarian cancer]] or [[endometrial cancer]] when neutralising the [[confounder]] of infertility itself.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Siristatidis C, Sergentanis TN, Kanavidis P, Trivella M, Sotiraki M, Mavromatis I, Psaltopoulou T, Skalkidou A, Petridou ET |year=2012 |title=Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF: impact on ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancer—a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=105–123 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dms051 |pmid=23255514 |s2cid=10086076|doi-access=free }}</ref> Nor does it seem to impart any increased risk for [[breast cancer]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sergentanis TN, Diamantaras AA, Perlepe C, Kanavidis P, Skalkidou A, Petridou ET |year=2013 |title=IVF and breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=106–123 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt034 |pmid=23884897 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Regardless of pregnancy result, IVF treatment is usually stressful for patients.<ref name="RockliffLightman2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rockliff HE, Lightman SL, Rhidian E, Buchanan H, Gordon U, Vedhara K |year=2014 |title=A systematic review of psychosocial factors associated with emotional adjustment in in vitro fertilization patients |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=594–613 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmu010 |pmid=24676468 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Neuroticism]] and the use of [[Escapism|escapist]] coping strategies are associated with a higher degree of distress, while the presence of social support has a relieving effect.<ref name="RockliffLightman2014" /> A negative pregnancy test after IVF is associated with an increased risk for [[Depression (mood)|depression]], but not with any increased risk of developing [[anxiety disorders]].<ref name="volgsten">{{cite journal |vauthors=Volgsten H, Skoog Svanberg A, Ekselius L, Lundkvist O, Sundström Poromaa I |date=March 2010 |title=Risk factors for psychiatric disorders in infertile women and men undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=1088–1096 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.11.008 |pmid=19118826 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Pregnancy test results do not seem to be a risk factor for depression or anxiety among men in the case of relationships between two cisgender, heterosexual people.<ref name="volgsten" /> [[Hormone therapy|Hormonal agents]] such as [[gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist]] (GnRH agonist) are associated with [[Major depressive disorder|depression]].<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Botts S, Ryan M|title=Drug-Induced Diseases Section IV: Drug-Induced Psychiatric Diseases Chapter 18: Depression|url=https://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/Policy/Suicidality/DID-Chapter18.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223035009/http://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/Policy/Suicidality/DID-Chapter18.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2010|pages=1–23}}</ref>

Studies show that there is an increased risk of [[venous thrombosis]] or [[pulmonary embolism]] during the first trimester of IVF.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Henriksson P, Westerlund E, Wallén H, Brandt L, Hovatta O, Ekbom A |date=January 2013 |title=Incidence of pulmonary and venous thromboembolism in pregnancies after in vitro fertilisation: cross sectional study |journal=BMJ |volume=346 |issue=3 |pages=e8632 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e8632 |pmc=3546085 |pmid=23321489}}</ref>  When looking at long-term studies comparing patients who received or did not receive IVF, there seems to be no correlation with increased risk of cardiac events. There are more ongoing studies to solidify this.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Dayan N, Filion KB, Okano M, Kilmartin C, Reinblatt S, Landry T, Basso O, Udell JA |date=September 2017 |title=Cardiovascular Risk Following Fertility Therapy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=1203–1213 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.753 |pmid=28859782 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Spontaneous pregnancy]] has occurred after successful and unsuccessful IVF treatments.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hunault CC, Habbema JD, Eijkemans MJ, Collins JA, Evers JL, te Velde ER |date=September 2004 |title=Two new prediction rules for spontaneous pregnancy leading to live birth among subfertile couples, based on the synthesis of three previous models |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=2019–2026 |doi=10.1093/humrep/deh365 |pmid=15192070 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Within 2 years of delivering an infant conceived through IVF, subfertile patients had a conception rate of 18%.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Shimizu Y, Kodama H, Fukuda J, Murata M, Kumagai J, Tanaka T |date=January 1999 |title=Spontaneous conception after the birth of infants conceived through in vitro fertilization treatment |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=35–39 |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00417-8 |pmid=9935113 |doi-access=free}}</ref>