Editing Inner German border (section)

===Deaths on the border===
{{multiple image
| align    = right
| image1   = Helmut kleinert memorial.jpg
| width1   = 154
| alt1     = A roughly dressed block of granite, about waist-high, the inscription reading "Am 1.8.1963 wurde 150 m von hier HELMUT KLEINERT vor dem Überschreiten der Demarkationslinie eschossen".
| caption1 = West German memorial to Helmut Kleinert, shot dead on the border on 1&nbsp;August 1963. His death was memorialised by the German Federation of Trade Unions.
| image2   = Waldemar estel memorial.jpg
| alt2     = Damaged metal plaque reading "Am 3.9.1956 wurde WALDEMAR ESTEL Getreiter der Grenztruppen der NVA in Ausübung seine Dienstes an der Staatsgrenze von Agenten des Imperialismus ermordet. Sein Tod ist uns Verpflichtung."
| width2   = 150
| caption2 = East German memorial to border guard Waldemar Estel, who was shot on the border on 3&nbsp;September 1956. The GDR blamed "imperialist agents" for his death.
}}
It is still not certain how many people died on the inner German border or who they all were, as the GDR treated such information as a closely guarded secret. But estimates have risen steadily since unification, as evidence has been gathered from East German records. As of 2009, unofficial estimates are up to 1,100&nbsp;people,<ref>[[#DW|Deutsche Welle (2005-08-09)]].</ref> though officially released figures give a lower count for the death toll before and after the Berlin Wall was built.

There were many ways to die on the inner German border. Numerous escapees were shot by the border guards, while others were killed by mines and booby-traps. A substantial number drowned while trying to cross the Baltic and the Elbe river. Not all of those killed on the border were attempting to escape. On 13&nbsp;October 1961, ''Westfälische Rundschau'' journalist [[Kurt Lichtenstein]] was shot on the border near the village of [[Zicherie]] after he attempted to speak with East German farm workers. His death aroused condemnation across the political spectrum in West Germany.<ref>[[#Cramer|Cramer (2008)]], p. 82.</ref> The incident prompted students from [[Braunschweig]] to erect a sign on the border protesting the killing.<ref>[[#Bild|Bild 175-P05-00002-0001]] [Picture 175-P05-00002-0001] [http://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/archives/barchpic/search/_1256547571/ Bundesarchiv (Germany)]. Last accessed: 26 October 2009.</ref> An Italian truck driver and member of the [[Italian Communist Party]] was shot at a crossing point in August 1976; the GDR government was severely embarrassed and, unusually, offered an apology.<ref>[[#NYTApology|''The New York Times'' (1976-08-07)]].</ref> In one notorious shooting on 1&nbsp;May 1976, a former East German political prisoner, [[SM-70#Michael Gartenschläger|Michael Gartenschläger]], who had fled to the West some years before, was ambushed and killed by a Stasi commando squad on the border near [[Büchen]]. The Stasi reported that he had been "liquidated by security forces of the GDR".<ref>[[#Mielke|Mielke (2002-05-06)]].</ref>

Twenty-five East German border guards died after being shot from the Western side of the border or were killed by resisting escapees or (often accidentally) by their own colleagues.<ref>[[#Baker|Baker (2004)]], p. 29.</ref> The East German government described them as "victims of armed assaults and imperialist provocations against the state border of the GDR"<ref>[[#NeuesDeutschland|''Neues Deutschland'' (1989-08-13/14)]], p. 9.</ref> and alleged that "bandits" in the West took potshots at guards doing their duty&nbsp;– a version of events that was uncorroborated by Western accounts of border incidents.

The two sides commemorated their dead in very different ways. Various mostly unofficial memorials were set up on the western side by people seeking to commemorate victims of the border. West Germans such as Michael Gartenschläger and Kurt Lichtenstein were commemorated with signs and memorials, some of which were supported by the government. The death of East German [[Heinz-Josef Große]] in 1982 was commemorated annually by demonstrations on the Western side of the border.<ref name="Sonntagsreden">[[#Thueringen|Thüringen Journal (2009-09-18)]]</ref> After the policy of ''détente'' was initiated in the 1970s this became politically inconvenient and state support for border memorials largely ceased.

The taboo in East Germany surrounding escapees meant that the great majority of deaths went unpublicised and uncommemorated. However, the deaths of border guards were used for GDR propaganda, which portrayed them as "martyrs". Four stone memorials were erected in East Berlin to mark their deaths.<ref>[[#Ladd1998|Ladd (1998)]], p. 25.</ref> The regime named schools, barracks and other public facilities after the dead guards and used their memorials as places of pilgrimage to signify that (as a slogan put it) "their deaths are our commitment" to maintaining the border. After 1989 the memorials were vandalised, neglected and ultimately removed.<ref>[[#Ladd2004|Ladd (2004)]], p. 107.</ref>