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== References == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="birthday">{{cite web |url=https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/978/ |title=Happy Birthday, PostgreSQL! |date=July 8, 2008 |publisher=PostgreSQL Global Development Group}}</ref> <ref name="approved by OSI">{{cite web |date=February 18, 2010 |title=PostgreSQL licence approved by OSI |url=http://www.crynwr.com/cgi-bin/ezmlm-cgi?17:mmp:969 |publisher=Crynwr |access-date=February 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808093031/http://www.crynwr.com/cgi-bin/ezmlm-cgi?17:mmp:969 |archive-date=August 8, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="OSI">{{cite web |publisher=Open Source Initiative |date=February 20, 2010 |title=OSI PostgreSQL Licence |url=https://www.opensource.org/licenses/postgresql |access-date=February 20, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="about/licence">{{cite web |url=https://www.postgresql.org/about/licence |title=License |publisher=PostgreSQL Global Development Group |access-date=September 20, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="intro-whatis">{{cite web |url=https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/intro-whatis.html |title=What is PostgreSQL? |work=PostgreSQL 9.3.0 Documentation |publisher=PostgreSQL Global Development Group |access-date=September 20, 2013}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="OS X Lion Server">{{cite web |date=August 4, 2011 |title=OS X Lion Server β Technical Specifications |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/SP630 | quote=Web Hosting [..] PostgreSQL |access-date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> --> <ref name="contributors">{{cite web |url=https://www.postgresql.org/community/contributors/ |title=Contributor Profiles |publisher=PostgreSQL Global Development Group |access-date=March 14, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Audio sample">{{Cite web|url=https://www.postgresql.org/files/postgresql.mp3|title=Audio sample, 5.6k MP3}}</ref> <ref name="Project name">{{cite web |date=November 16, 2007 |title=Project name β statement from the core team |publisher=archives.postgresql.org |url=http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-advocacy/2007-11/msg00109.php |access-date=November 16, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="design">{{cite conference |last1=Stonebraker |first1=M. |last2=Rowe |first2=L. A. |date=May 1986 |title=The design of POSTGRES |conference=Proc. 1986 ACM [[SIGMOD]] Conference on Management of Data |location=Washington, DC |url=http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/papers/ERL-M85-95.pdf |access-date=December 17, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="about/history">{{cite web |url=https://www.postgresql.org/about/history/ |title=PostgreSQL: History |publisher=PostgreSQL Global Development Group |access-date=August 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326020245/https://www.postgresql.org/about/history/ |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Stonebraker">{{cite conference |url=http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/papers/ERL-M87-13.pdf |title=The POSTGRES data model |last1=Stonebraker |first1=M. |last2=Rowe |first2=L. A. |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann Publishers |conference=Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases |location=Brighton, England |isbn=0-934613-46-X |pages=83β96}}</ref> <ref name="pavel-history">{{cite web |author=Pavel Stehule |date=9 June 2012 |title=Historie projektu PostgreSQL |language=cs |url=http://postgres.cz/wiki/Historie_projektu_PostgreSQL}}</ref> <ref name="University POSTGRES">{{cite web |url=http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/postgres.html |title=University POSTGRES, Version 4.2 |date=July 26, 1999}}</ref> <ref name="20th anniversary">{{cite mailing list |url=https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CA+OCxozS_cuaLw=nfS=GdJZmS7ygjhdtZbqVt17wPLfCOtFY4g@mail.gmail.com |title=Re: 20th anniversary of PostgreSQL ? |date=April 7, 2015 |access-date=April 9, 2015 |mailing-list=pgsql-advocacy |last=Page |first=Dave}}</ref> <ref name="ports">{{cite journal |title=Serializable Snapshot Isolation in PostgreSQL |author=Dan R. K. Ports |author2=Kevin Grittner |year=2012 |journal=Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=1850β1861 |url=http://drkp.net/drkp/papers/ssi-vldb12.pdf |doi=10.14778/2367502.2367523 |arxiv=1208.4179|bibcode=2012arXiv1208.4179P |s2cid=16006111}}</ref> <ref name="H Online">{{citation |publisher=H Online |url=http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/PostgreSQL-9-1-with-synchronous-replication-1341228.html |type=news |title=PostgreSQL 9.1 with synchronous replication}}</ref> <ref name="SP-GiST">{{cite conference |last1=Bartunov |first1=O |last2=Sigaev |first2=T |date=May 2011 |title=SP-GiST β a new indexing framework for PostgreSQL |conference=PGCon 2011 |location=Ottawa, Canada |url=http://www.pgcon.org/2011/schedule/attachments/197_pgcon-2011.pdf |access-date=January 31, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="KNN-GiST">{{cite conference |last1=Bartunov |first1=O |last2=Sigaev |first2=T |date=May 2010 |title=K-nearest neighbour search for PostgreSQL |conference=PGCon 2010 |location=Ottawa, Canada |url=http://www.pgcon.org/2010/schedule/attachments/168_pgcon-2010-1.pdf |access-date=January 31, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Postgres-XC">{{cite web |publisher=Postgres-XC |url=http://postgres-xc.sourceforge.net/ |type=website |title=Postgres-XC project page |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701122448/http://postgres-xc.sourceforge.net/ |archive-date=July 1, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="Fischer">{{cite press release |author=Marit Fischer |date=November 10, 2007 |title=Backcountry.com finally gives something back to the open source community |publisher=Backcountry.com |url=http://www.backcountrycorp.com/corporate/section/3/press/a511/Backcountry-finally-gives-something-back-to-the-open-source-community.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226124550/http://www.backcountrycorp.com/corporate/section/3/press/a511/Backcountry-finally-gives-something-back-to-the-open-source-community.html |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="jsonb">{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Geoghegan |date=March 23, 2014 |title=What I think of jsonb |url=http://pgeoghegan.blogspot.com/2014/03/what-i-think-of-jsonb.html}}</ref> <ref name="psycopg2">{{cite web |url=http://initd.org/psycopg/ |title=PostgreSQL + Python | Psycopg |work=initd.org |access-date=January 21, 2015 |archive-date=November 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101032433/http://initd.org/psycopg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="materialized_views">{{cite web |date=March 4, 2013 |title=Add a materialized view relations |url=https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/E1UCJDN-00042x-0w@gemulon.postgresql.org |access-date=March 4, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="updatable_views">{{cite web |date=December 8, 2012 |title=Support automatically-updatable views |url=http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-committers/2012-12/msg00154.php |access-date=December 8, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="recursive_views">{{cite web |date=February 1, 2013 |title=Add CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW syntax |url=https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/E1U17NB-0006c6-DX@gemulon.postgresql.org |access-date=February 28, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction and Concepts">{{cite book |url=https://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/books/aw_pgsql/15467.html |title=PostgreSQL: Introduction and Concepts | chapter-url=https://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/books/aw_pgsql/node81.html |chapter=Subqueries |last=Momjian |first=Bruce |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=0-201-70331-9 |year=2001 |access-date=September 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809013228/http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/books/aw_pgsql/15467.html |archive-date=August 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="Bernier">{{cite web |url=http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/databases/2006/02/02/postgresq_regexes.html |title=Using Regular Expressions in PostgreSQL |last=Bernier |first=Robert |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]] |date=February 2, 2006 |access-date=September 25, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="POODLE">{{cite web |url=http://blog.hagander.net/archives/222-A-few-short-notes-about-PostgreSQL-and-POODLE.html |title=A few short notes about PostgreSQL and POODLE |work=hagander.net}}</ref> <ref name="Berkus">{{cite web |last=Berkus |first=Josh |date=July 6, 2007 |title=PostgreSQL publishes first real benchmark |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/database/soup/archives/postgresql-publishes-first-real-benchmark-17470 |access-date=July 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712092901/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/database/soup/archives/postgresql-publishes-first-real-benchmark-17470 |archive-date=July 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="Vilmos">{{cite web |last=Vilmos |first=GyΓΆrgy |date=September 29, 2009 |title=PostgreSQL history |url=http://suckit.blog.hu/2009/09/29/postgresql_history |access-date=August 28, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="SPECJ">{{cite web |publisher=[[SPEC]] |date=July 6, 2007 |title=SPECjAppServer2004 Result |url=http://www.spec.org/jAppServer2004/results/res2007q3/jAppServer2004-20070606-00065.html |access-date=July 10, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="SPECjAppServer2004">{{cite web |publisher=[[SPEC]] |date=July 4, 2007 |title=SPECjAppServer2004 Result |url=http://www.spec.org/jAppServer2004/results/res2007q3/jAppServer2004-20070703-00073.html |access-date=September 1, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="Kernel Resources">{{cite web |work=PostgreSQL Manual |publisher=PostgreSQL.org |url=https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/kernel-resources.html |title=Managing Kernel Resources |access-date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="tuningPGinstance">{{cite web |publisher=PostgreSQL.org |author=Greg Smith |author2=Robert Treat |author3=Christopher Browne |name-list-style=amp |url=https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Tuning_Your_PostgreSQL_Server |work=Wiki |title=Tuning your PostgreSQL server |access-date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Haas">{{cite web |author=Robert Haas |date=April 3, 2012 |title=Did I Say 32 Cores? How about 64? |url=http://rhaas.blogspot.com/2012/04/did-i-say-32-cores-how-about-64.html |access-date=April 8, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="AArch64">{{cite web |url=http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2012/07/msg00536.html |title=AArch64 planning BoF at DebConf |work=debian.org}}</ref> <ref name="SupportedPlatforms">{{cite web |title=Supported Platforms |publisher=PostgreSQL Global Development Group |url=https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/supported-platforms.html |access-date=April 6, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="pgAdmin">{{cite web |title=pgAdmin: PostgreSQL administration and management tools |work=website |url=http://www.pgadmin.org/ |access-date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="PHPADMIN">{{cite web |author=phpPgAdmin Project |date=April 25, 2008 |title=About phpPgAdmin |url=http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/?page=about |access-date=April 25, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="POSTGRESQLSTUDIO">{{cite web |author=PostgreSQL Studio |date=October 9, 2013 |title=About PostgreSQL Studio |url=http://www.postgresqlstudio.org/about/ |access-date=October 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007084849/http://www.postgresqlstudio.org/about/ |archive-date=October 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="TEAMPOSTGRESQL">{{cite web |date=October 3, 2013 |title=TeamPostgreSQL website |url=http://www.teampostgresql.com |access-date=October 3, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="ooAsFrntEnd">{{cite web |author=oooforum.org |date=January 10, 2010 |title=Back Ends for OpenOffice |url=http://www.oooforum.org/forum/viewtopic.phtml?p=356180 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928093709/http://www.oooforum.org/forum/viewtopic.phtml?p=356180 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |access-date=January 5, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="loAsFrntEnd">{{cite web |author=libreoffice.org |date=October 14, 2012 |title=Base features |url=http://www.libreoffice.org/features/base/ |access-date=October 14, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107063659/http://www.libreoffice.org/features/base/ |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="pg9hiperf">{{cite book |author=Greg Smith |title=PostgreSQL 9.0 High Performance |date=15 October 2010 |publisher=[[Packt Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-84951-030-1 |url=http://www.packtpub.com/postgresql-90-high-performance/book}}</ref> <ref name="Cecchet">{{cite conference |author=Emmanuel Cecchet |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Building PetaByte Warehouses with Unmodified PostgreSQL |conference=PGCon 2009 |url=http://www.pgcon.org/2009/schedule/attachments/135_PGCon%202009%20-%20Aster%20v6.pdf |access-date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Aster Data">{{cite web |title=MySpace.com scales analytics for all their friends |series=case study |publisher=Aster Data |url=http://www.asterdata.com/resources/assets/cs_Aster_Data_4.0_MySpace.pdf |date=June 15, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114141918/http://asterdata.com/resources/assets/cs_Aster_Data_4.0_MySpace.pdf |archive-date=November 14, 2010 |access-date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Geni">{{cite web |date=August 1, 2011 |title=Last Weekend's Outage |publisher=Geni |work=Blog |url=http://www.geni.com/blog/last-weekends-outage-368211.html}}</ref> <ref name="Microsoft">{{cite web |author=Claire Giordano | publisher=Microsoft Tech Community |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Architecting petabyte-scale analytics by scaling out Postgres on Azure with the Citus extension |work=Blog |url=https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-database-for-postgresql/architecting-petabyte-scale-analytics-by-scaling-out-postgres-on/ba-p/969685}}</ref> <ref name="OpenStreetMap">{{cite web |work=Wiki |url=https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Database |title=Database |publisher=OpenStreetMap}}</ref> <ref name="Afilias">{{citation |url=https://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php?id=760310963 |title=PostgreSQL affiliates .ORG domain |date=August 24, 2023 |publisher=Computer World |place=Australia}}</ref> <ref name="Sony Online">{{citation |url=https://www.computerworld.com/databasetopics/data/software/story/0,10801,109722,00.html |publisher=Computer World |title=Sony Online opts for open-source database over Oracle}}</ref> <ref name="BASF">{{cite web |url=https://www.postgresql.org/files/about/casestudies/wcgcasestudyonpostgresqlv1.2.pdf |publisher=PostgreSQL |edition=1.2 |title=A Web Commerce Group Case Study on PostgreSQL}}</ref> <ref name="Reddit">{{cite web |date=27 March 2014 |title=Architecture Overview |work=Reddit software wiki |publisher=Reddit |url=https://github.com/reddit/reddit/wiki/Architecture-Overview#reddit-the-software |access-date=November 25, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="xVM">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=How Much Are You Paying For Your Database? |publisher=Sun Microsystems blog |url=http://blogs.sun.com/marchamilton/entry/how_much_are_you_paying |access-date=December 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307032257/http://blogs.sun.com/marchamilton/entry/how_much_are_you_paying |archive-date=March 7, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="MusicBrainz">{{cite web |url=http://musicbrainz.org/doc/Database |title=Database β MusicBrainz |publisher=MusicBrainz Wiki |access-date=February 5, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="ISS">{{cite web |date=July 13, 2010 |author=Duncavage, Daniel P |title=NASA needs Postgres-Nagios help |url=http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-general/2010-07/msg00394.php}}</ref> <ref name="MyYearbook">{{cite web |author=Roy, Gavin M |title=PostgreSQL at myYearbook.com |location=USA East |year=2010 |type=talk |url=https://www.postgresqlconference.org/2010/east/talks/postgresql_at_myyearbook.com |publisher=PostgreSQL Conference |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727183016/https://www.postgresqlconference.org/2010/east/talks/postgresql_at_myyearbook.com |archive-date=July 27, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="Instagram">{{cite web |url=http://instagram-engineering.tumblr.com/post/20541814340/keeping-instagram-up-with-over-a-million-new-users-in#replicationread-slaves |title=Keeping Instagram up with over a million new users in twelve hours |publisher=Instagram-engineering.tumblr.com |date=May 17, 2011 |access-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Disqus">{{cite web |url=https://speakerdeck.com/mikeclarke/pgcon-2013-keynote-postgres-at-disqus |title=Postgres at Disqus |access-date=May 24, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="TripAdvisor">{{cite conference |url=http://www.pgconf.us/2015/event/95/ |title=At the Heart of a Giant: Postgres at TripAdvisor |last=Kelly |first=Matthew |date=March 27, 2015 |conference=PGConf US 2015 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723181100/http://www.pgconf.us/2015/event/95/ |archive-date=July 23, 2015 |url-status=dead}} ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YquXmwZNnfg Presentation video])</ref> <ref name="Heroku">{{cite news |date=1 April 2013 |author=Alex Williams |title=Heroku Forces Customer Upgrade To Fix Critical PostgreSQL Security Hole |work=TechCrunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/01/heroku-forces-customer-upgrade-to-fix-critical-postgresql-security-hole/}}</ref> <ref name="Darrow">{{cite news |date=11 November 2013 |author=Barb Darrow |title=Heroku gussies up Postgres with database roll-back and proactive alerts |url=http://gigaom.com/2013/11/11/heroku-gussies-up-postgres-with-database-roll-back-and-proactive-alerts/ |publisher=GigaOM}}</ref> <ref name="Kerstiens">{{cite web |date=26 September 2013 |author=Craig Kerstiens |title=WAL-E and Continuous Protection with Heroku Postgres |publisher=Heroku blog |url=https://blog.heroku.com/archives/2013/9/26/wal_e_and_continuous_protection_with_heroku_postgres}}</ref> <ref name="Techweekeurope">{{cite web |url=http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/enterprisedb-offers-up-postgres-plus-cloud-database-57030 |title=EnterpriseDB Offers Up Postgres Plus Cloud Database |publisher=Techweekeurope.co.uk |date=January 27, 2012 |access-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Sargent">{{cite news |date=15 May 2012 |author=Al Sargent |title=Introducing VMware vFabric Suite 5.1: Automated Deployment, New Components, and Open Source Support |url=https://blogs.vmware.com/vfabric/2012/05/announcing-vmware-vfabric-suite-51.html |publisher=VMware blogs}}</ref> <ref name="aws.typepad.com">{{cite news |date=14 November 2013 |author=Jeff |title=Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL β Now Available |publisher=Amazon Web Services Blog |url=http://aws.typepad.com/aws/2013/11/amazon-rds-for-postgresql-now-available.html}}</ref> <ref name="Williams">{{cite news |date=14 November 2013 |author=Alex Williams |title=PostgreSQL Now Available On Amazon's Relational Database Service |work=TechCrunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/14/postgressql-now-available-on-amazons-relational-database-service/}}</ref> <ref name="postgres-r">{{cite web |url=http://www.postgres-r.org/ |title=Postgres-R: a database replication system for PostgreSQL |publisher=Postgres Global Development Group |access-date=August 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329215559/http://www.postgres-r.org/ |archive-date=March 29, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="bdr">{{cite web |url=http://2ndquadrant.com/en/resources/bdr/ |title=Postgres-BDR |publisher=2ndQuadrant Ltd |access-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="raspi">{{cite web |url=http://raspberrypg.org/2015/06/step-5-update-installing-postgresql-on-my-raspberry-pi-1-and-2/ |title=Step 5 (update): Installing PostgreSQL on my Raspberry Pi 1 and 2 |first=Rubens |last=Souza |date=June 17, 2015 |access-date=August 27, 2016 |website=Raspberry PG |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920031816/http://raspberrypg.org/2015/06/step-5-update-installing-postgresql-on-my-raspberry-pi-1-and-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Auto-Replication">{{cite web |url=https://dzone.com/articles/asynchronous-master-slave-replication-of-postgresq |title=Asynchronous Master-Slave Replication of PostgreSQL Databases in One Click |publisher=DZone |access-date=May 26, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="identifiers">{{cite web |url=https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-IDENTIFIERS |title=Case sensitivity of identifiers |date=November 11, 2021 |publisher=PostgreSQL Global Development Group}}</ref> <ref name="OS X">{{cite web |url=https://www.postgresql.org/download/macosx/ |title=Mac OS X packages |publisher=The PostgreSQL Global Development Group |access-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> }}
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