Editing Predation (section)

===Symbolic uses===

[[File:Lupa Capitolina, Rome.jpg|thumb|The [[Capitoline Wolf]] suckling [[Romulus and Remus]], the mythical founders of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]]]

In film, the idea of the predator as a dangerous if [[humanoid]] enemy is used in the 1987 [[science fiction]] [[horror film|horror]] [[action film]] [[Predator (film)|''Predator'']] and [[Predator (franchise)|its three sequels]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Keith M. |year=2013 |title=Science Fiction Film: A Critical Introduction |publisher=[[Berg Publishers]] |isbn=9780857850560 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUAfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Newby |first1=Richard |title=Is 'Predator' Finally Getting a Worthy Sequel? |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/predator-is-poised-be-franchises-first-good-sequel-1111354 |magazine=Hollywood Reporter |access-date=7 September 2018 |date=13 May 2018}}</ref> A terrifying predator, a gigantic [[Man-eating animal|man-eating]] [[great white shark]], is central, too, to [[Steven Spielberg]]'s 1974 thriller ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schatz |first=Thomas |chapter=The New Hollywood |title=Movie Blockbusters |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q-OAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA25&dq=%22jaws+was+essentially+an+action+film+and+a+thriller%22 25]}} In: {{cite book |last=Stringer |first=Julian |title=Movie Blockbusters |isbn=978-0-415-25608-7 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2003 |pages=15–44}}</ref>

Among poetry on the theme of predation, a predator's consciousness might be explored, such as in [[Ted Hughes]]'s ''Pike''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davison |first1=Peter |title=Predators and Prey {{!}} Selected Poems, 1957–1994 by Ted Hughes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/01/books/predators-and-prey.html |access-date=5 October 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 December 2002 |quote=Hughes's earliest books contained a bewildering profusion of poems between their covers: ... fish and fowl, beasts of the field and forest, vigorous embodiments of predators and prey. Hughes as a student had taken up anthropology, not literature, and he chose to meditate his way into trancelike states of preconsciousness before committing poems to paper. His poems, early or late, enter into the relations of living creatures; they move in close to animal consciousness: ''The Thought-Fox,'' ''Esther's Tomcat,'' ''Pike.''}}</ref> The phrase "Nature, red in tooth and claw" from [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]]'s 1849 poem "[[In Memoriam A.H.H.]]" has been interpreted as referring to the struggle between predators and prey.<ref name="Gould 1995">{{cite book |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |author-link=Stephen Jay Gould |chapter =The Tooth and Claw Centennial |title =Dinosaur in a Haystack |date=1995 |publisher=Harmony Books |pages=63–75 |isbn=978-0517703939}}</ref>

In mythology and folk fable, predators such as the fox and wolf have mixed reputations.<ref name=Wallner1998>{{cite web |last1=Wallner |first1=Astrid |title=The role of predators in Mythology |url=https://www.waldwissen.net/wald/tiere/saeuger/wsl_raubtiere_mythologie/index_EN |publisher=WaldWissen Information for Forest Management |access-date=5 October 2018 |date=18 July 2005 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005154029/https://www.waldwissen.net/wald/tiere/saeuger/wsl_raubtiere_mythologie/index_EN |url-status=dead }} translated from Wallner, A. (1998) ''Die Bedeutung der Raubtiere in der Mythologie: Ergebnisse einer Literaturstudie''. – Inf.bl. Forsch.bereiches Landsch.ökol. 39: 4–5.</ref> The fox was a symbol of fertility in ancient Greece, but a weather demon in northern Europe, and a creature of the devil in early Christianity; the fox is presented as sly, greedy, and cunning in fables from [[Aesop's Fables|Aesop]] onwards.<ref name=Wallner1998/> The big bad wolf is known to children in tales such as ''[[Little Red Riding Hood]]'', but is a demonic figure in the Icelandic [[Edda]] sagas, where the wolf [[Fenrir]] appears in the apocalyptic [[Ragnarok|ending of the world]].<ref name=Wallner1998/> In the Middle Ages, belief spread in [[werewolf|werewolves]], men transformed into wolves.<ref name=Wallner1998/> In ancient Rome, and in ancient Egypt, the wolf was worshipped, the she-wolf appearing in the founding myth of Rome, suckling [[Romulus and Remus]].<ref name=Wallner1998/> More recently, in [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s 1894 ''[[The Jungle Book]]'', Mowgli is raised by the wolf pack.<ref name=Wallner1998/> Attitudes to large predators in North America, such as wolf, [[grizzly bear]] and cougar, have shifted from hostility or ambivalence, accompanied by active persecution, towards positive and protective in the second half of the 20th century.<ref name="KellertBlackRushBath1996">{{cite journal |last1=Kellert |first1=Stephen R. |last2=Black |first2=Matthew |last3=Rush |first3=Colleen Reid |last4=Bath |first4=Alistair J. |title=Human Culture and Large Carnivore Conservation in North America |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=1996 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040977.x |pages=977–990|bibcode=1996ConBi..10..977K }}
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