Editing Prosthesis (section)

===Myoelectric===
A '''myoelectric prosthesis''' uses the electrical tension generated every time a muscle contracts, as information. This tension can be captured from voluntarily contracted muscles by electrodes applied on the skin to control the movements of the prosthesis, such as elbow flexion/extension, wrist supination/pronation (rotation) or opening/closing of the fingers. A prosthesis of this type utilizes the residual neuromuscular system of the human body to control the functions of an electric powered prosthetic hand, wrist, elbow or foot.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amputees control bionic legs with their thoughts|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iceland-mind-controlled-limb-idUSKBN0O51EQ20150520|work=Reuters|date=20 May 2015}}</ref> This is different from an electric switch prosthesis, which requires straps and/or cables actuated by body movements to actuate or operate switches that control the movements of the prosthesis. There is no clear evidence concluding that myoelectric upper extremity prostheses function better than body-powered prostheses.<ref name=Carey2015 /> Advantages to using a myoelectric upper extremity prosthesis include the potential for improvement in cosmetic appeal (this type of prosthesis may have a more natural look), may be better for light everyday activities, and may be beneficial for people experiencing [[phantom limb]] pain.<ref name=Carey2015>{{cite journal |last1=Carey |first1=Stephanie L. |last2=Lura |first2=Derek J. |last3=Highsmith |first3=M. Jason |last4=CP. |last5=FAAOP. |title=Differences in myoelectric and body-powered upper-limb prostheses: Systematic literature review |journal=Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development |date=2015 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=247–262 |doi=10.1682/JRRD.2014.08.0192 |pmid=26230500 }}</ref> When compared to a body-powered prosthesis, a myoelectric prosthesis may not be as durable, may have a longer training time, may require more adjustments, may need more maintenance, and does not provide feedback to the user.<ref name=Carey2015 />

[[:es:Álvaro Ríos Poveda|Prof. Alvaro Ríos Poveda]] has been working for several years on a non-invasive and affordable solution to this feedback problem. He considers that: "Prosthetic limbs that can be controlled with thought hold great promise for the amputee, but without sensorial feedback from the signals returning to the brain, it can be difficult to achieve the level of control necessary to perform precise movements. When connecting the sense of touch from a mechanical hand directly to the brain, prosthetics can restore the function of the amputated limb in an almost natural-feeling way." He presented the first Myoelectric prosthetic hand with sensory feedback at the ''XVIII World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering'', 1997, held in [[Nice, France]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=((International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering)) |author1-link=International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering |title=World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering |url=https://ifmbe.org/events/world-congress/ |website=IFMBE |access-date=19 March 2022 |date=17 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last1=Rios |first1=Alvaro |title=Microcontroller system for myoelectric prosthesis with sensory feedback |conference=World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering: XVIII International Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and XI International Conference on Medical Physics |year =1997 |location=Nice, France}}</ref>

The USSR was the first to develop a myoelectric arm in 1958,<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=365281|year=1978|last1=Wirta|first1=R. W.|title=Pattern-recognition arm prosthesis: A historical perspective-a final report|journal=Bulletin of Prosthetics Research|pages=8–35|last2=Taylor|first2=D. R.|last3=Finley|first3=F. R.|url=http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/78/15/2/wirta.pdf}}</ref> while the first myoelectric arm became commercial in 1964 by the Central Prosthetic Research Institute of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], and distributed by the Hangar Limb Factory of the [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref>{{Cite journal
  | last = Sherman
  | first = E. David
  | title = A Russian Bioelectric-Controlled Prosthesis: Report of a Research Team from the Rehabilitation Institute of Montreal
  | journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal
  | volume = 91
  | issue = 24
  | pages = 1268–1270
  | year = 1964
| pmc=1927453
| pmid=14226106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
  | last = Muzumdar
  | first = Ashok
  | title = Powered Upper Limb Prostheses: Control, Implementation and Clinical Application
  | publisher = Springer
  | year = 2004
  | isbn = 978-3-540-40406-4}}</ref> Myoelectric prosthesis are expensive, require regular maintenance, and are sensitive to sweat and moisture.