Editing Reproductive rights (section)

===Female genital mutilation===
[[File:FGM prevalence UNICEF 2016.svg|thumb|Prevalence of FGM]]
[[Female genital mutilation]] (FGM) is defined as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons."<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/|title=Female genital mutilation|website=World Health Organization}}</ref> The procedure has no health benefits, and can cause severe bleeding and problems urinating, cysts, infections, and complications in childbirth and increased risk of newborn deaths.<ref name="auto"/> It is performed for traditional, cultural or religious reasons in many parts of the world, especially in Africa, and in some parts of Asia, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Iraqi Kurdistan, and Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGMC_2016_brochure_final_UNICEF_SPREAD.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522171154/https://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGMC_2016_brochure_final_UNICEF_SPREAD.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/countries/malaysia/ | title=» Malaysia }}</ref> The [[Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence|Istanbul Convention]] prohibits FGM (Article 38).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rm.coe.int/168046031c |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531114057/https://rm.coe.int/168046031c |archive-date=31 May 2017 }}</ref> It is estimated that 200 million women worldwide had undergone FGM, including at least 500,000 immigrant women in Europe.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_192 | title=Press corner }}</ref> [[Infibulation]], also referred to as Type 3 FGM,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation | title=Female genital mutilation }}</ref> is the most extreme form of FGM, and is practiced mainly in [[northeastern Africa]], particularly in [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]], and [[Sudan]].<ref name=Yoder2008>{{cite web|last1=Yoder|first1=P. Stanley|last2=Khan|first2=Shane|date=March 2008|title=Numbers of women circumcised in Africa: The Production of a Total|url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/WP39/WP39.pdf|publisher=USAID, DHS Working Papers|issue=39|pages=13–14}}</ref>