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==== Byzantine Empire ==== * [[November 1]] – [[Siege of Sinope]]: The [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk Turks]] under Sultan [[Kaykaus I]] capture the strategic [[Black Sea]] port city of [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinope]] β at the time held by the [[Empire of Trebizond]] (one of the Byzantine [[Succession of states|successor states]] formed after the [[Fourth Crusade]]). Emperor [[Alexios I of Trebizond]] leads an army to break the siege, but he is defeated and captured. His capture forces the Byzantines to accept [[Tributary state|tributary status]] to Kaykaus.<ref>Treadgold, Warren (1997). ''A History of the Byzantine State and Society'', p. 718. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-804-72630-2}}.</ref>
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