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1925 tri-state tornado outbreak
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===Tri-State tornado=== {{Main|1925 Tri-State tornado}} The tornado, sometimes referred to as the Great tri-state tornado, touched down around 1.00 pm in [[Shannon County, Missouri]], moving to the northeast. The tornado immediately began to produce heavy damage to structures before directly impacting [[Annapolis, Missouri|Annapolis]], destroying ninety percent of the town and killing two people. The tornado then moved through [[Bollinger County, Missouri|Bollinger County]], where it would hit two schools and injure several children who were taking shelter. Deep ground scouring was observed as the tornado moved past [[Sedgewickville, Missouri|Sedgewickville]], and debris from the town was found almost {{convert|50|mi|abbr=on}} away. It would hit several other small communities, including [[Brazeau, Missouri|Brazeau]] and [[Frohna, Missouri|Frohna]], before crossing state lines into Southern Illinois and directly impacting [[Gorham, Illinois|Gorham]]. Over half of the town's population was killed, and the town was devastated as the tornado moved by. To the northeast, it would hit the northern portions of [[Murphysboro, Illinois|Murphysboro]], where over one hundred residents would die as the tornado barelled through the town at an estimated forward speed of {{convert|62|mph|abbr=on}}.{{NoteTag|This is not "average forward speed", but the speed the tornado moved at through the town.}}<ref name="NOAA">{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=1925 Tornado |url=https://www.weather.gov/pah/1925Tornado_tt#:~:text=Let's%20take%20a%20brief%20look,where%20one%20farmer%20was%20killed. |access-date=December 20, 2024 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref>{{sfn|Johns|Burgess|Doswell III|Gilmore|2013}} Further east, the tornado crossed into [[Franklin County, Illinois|Franklin County]], narrowly missing the towns of [[Royalton, Illinois|Royalton]] and [[Zeigler, Illinois|Zeigler]], devastating rural areas before heading towards the large mining town of [[West Frankfort, Illinois|West Frankfort]]. The tornado struck the northwest side of town, where in a manner similar to what was seen at Murphysboro, a number of densely populated neighborhoods, businesses and mining operations fell victim to the tornado. At the Peabody Mine 18 in Caldwell, a large 80-foot coal [[tipple]] weighing several hundred tons was blown over and rolled by the tornado. The tornado proceeded to devastate additional rural areas across [[Hamilton County, Illinois|Hamilton]] and [[White County, Illinois|White]] counties, between the two counties claiming 45 lives and injuring 140, 20 of whom later died, where it dissipated over three hours after touching down.<ref name="NOAA" />{{sfn|Johns|Burgess|Doswell III|Gilmore|2013}} The tornado killed at least twenty farm owners in southeastern Illinois and southwestern Indiana, more than the combined total of the next four deadliest tornadoes in the history of the United States. The tornado killed a combined total of 695 people, the majority of which occurred in Illinois. Despite not being officially rated, it is widely accepted to have been equivalent to an F5 on the [[Fujita scale]], with winds up to {{convert|300|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. There has long been uncertainty as to whether the originally recognized reports of a {{convert|219|mi|adj=on}} path over 3.5 hours represent a single continuous tornado or multiple independently tracking tornadoes belonging to a [[tornado family]]. Because of the scarcity of verifiable meteorological data from the time of the event and the apparent absence of any record of a tornado having approached this path length and duration in the years since, doubts have been raised about the plausibility of the conclusion that a single tornado was responsible for them. To date no definitive conclusion has been reached and a complete understanding of what occurred remains unachieved.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=796}}<ref name="NOAA" />{{sfn|Johns|Burgess|Doswell III|Gilmore|2013}}
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