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55P/Tempel–Tuttle
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==Orbit== The retrograde orbit of 55P/Tempel–Tuttle causes meteors to impact Earth at a high speed of 70 km/s. The orbit intersects that of [[Earth]] nearly exactly, hence streams of material ejected from the comet during perihelion passages do not have to spread out much over time to encounter Earth. The comet currently has an Earth-[[Minimum orbit intersection distance|MOID]] of {{convert|0.008|AU|km mi|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref name=jpldata/> This coincidence means that past streams from the comet at perihelion are still dense when they encounter Earth, resulting in the 33-year cycle of Leonid meteor storms. For example, the 1833 meteor storm was created by the previous 1800 perihelion passage.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061206225925/http://www.arm.ac.uk/leonid/dust1833.html Archive of Leonid dust trail positions in 1833]</ref> Between 2021–2030, Earth will often pass through the meteoroid stream left behind from the 1733 orbit.<ref name="FuturePredictions2021-2030">{{cite web|last1=Mikhail|first1=Maslov|title=Leonids 2021–2030|url=http://feraj.ru/Radiants/Predictions/1901-2100eng/Leo2021-2030eng.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610102748/http://feraj.ru/Radiants/Predictions/1901-2100eng/Leo2021-2030eng.html}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.9em;" |+55P/Tempel–Tuttle Earth approaches ! Year ! [[Curve fitting|Nominal]] geocentric<br />distance ([[astronomical unit|AU]]) |- |1366 ||{{Convert|0.023|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}}<ref name="closest"/><ref name="Kronk"/> |- |1699 ||{{Convert|0.064|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}<ref name="Kinoshita"/><ref name="Kronk"/> |- |1832 ||{{Convert|0.171|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}<ref name="Earth1832"/><ref name="Kinoshita"/> |- |1998 ||{{Convert|0.356|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}<ref name="Earth1998"/><ref name="Kinoshita"/> |- |2031 ||{{Convert|0.791|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}<ref name="Earth2031"/><ref name="Kinoshita"/> |- |2163 ||{{Convert|0.132|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}<ref name=jpldata/> |} 55P/Tempel–Tuttle is estimated to have a [[Comet nucleus|nucleus]] of mass 1.2{{e|13}} kg<ref name=Jewitt>{{cite web |title=From Cradle To Grave: The Rise and Demise of the Comets |work=Comets II |author=David C. Jewitt |url=http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/papers/2005/J2005b.pdf |access-date=2009-11-12}}</ref> and radius 1.8 km<ref name=Jewitt /> and a stream of mass 5{{e|12}} kg.<ref name=Jewitt /> {{multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | width = 300 | header = Animation of 55P/Tempel–Tuttle{{'}}s orbit from 1990 to 2180 | image1 = Animation of 55P/Tempel–Tuttle orbit around Sun.gif | caption1 = Around Sun | image2 = Animation of 55P/Tempel–Tuttle orbit around Earth.gif | caption2 = Around Earth | footer ={{legend2| yellow| Sun}}{{·}}{{legend2| RoyalBlue| Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2| Cyan| Mars}}{{·}}{{legend2| Gold| Jupiter}}{{·}}{{legend2| Magenta|55P/Tempel–Tuttle }} }} {{clear}}
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