Editing ATACMS (section)

=== Development ===
Development of the missile now known as ATACMS started in 1980, when the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] decided to replace the Lance with a similar nuclear, but also chemical or biological, tipped solid-fuel missile dubbed the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS). Concerned that two branches were developing too many similar missiles with different warheads, the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] merged the program with DARPA's Assault Breaker in 1981, and with [[United States Air Force]] (USAF)'s Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) in 1982–1983.<ref name="history.redstone.army.mil" />

The new missile system, designated Joint Tactical Missile System (JTACMS), soon encountered USAF resistance to the idea of an [[air-launched ballistic missile]]. As a result, in 1984 the USAF ended its participation in the non-cruise missile portion of the program, leading to the missile being re-designated as the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS).<ref name="history.redstone.army.mil"/>

==== Details ====
In [[fiscal year]] 1982, the [[United States House Committee on Appropriations]] approved the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS) program, which was the successor to the [[US Army]] [[Assault Breaker]] program in cooperation with [[DARPA]], was merged with the Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) [[US Air Force]] and renamed the Joint Tactical Missile System (JTACMS), the goal of which was to create a weapon that meets the combined requirements of both programs, namely, that it can attack and destroy the [[second-echelon]] of enemy forces, in particular [[armored vehicle]]s, and scatter submunitions against such vehicles. In this project, it was planned to use the technologies of Assault Breaker to develop a [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] weapon system, which should be used for the so-called "deep interdiction" (some sort of preventive measure, the prototype of which is [[air interdiction]] used by air force) – by which is meant the destruction or causing significant damage by the joint activity of air and ground forces to the specific distant from the [[front line]] targets, such as buildings, bridges, [[oil refinery|oil refineries]] and other [[Industry (manufacturing)|industry]], that way slowing down logistics and/or providing and/or supporting and, therefore, advancing enemy troops with the aim of [[Military tactics|tactical]], even albeit short-term, superiority of allied troops, which can significantly affect the [[military theater]] in a positive way,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://ausairpower.net/longbow-aa.html | title=AH-64D Apache Longbow Flight Report | journal=Australian Aviation | date=April 1999 | volume=1999 | last1=Kopp | first1=Carlo }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deneldynamics.co.za/products/missiles/stand-off-weapons/al-tariq- | title=Al-Tariq &#124; Denel Dynamics }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Baumann |first1=Robert |title=Deep Operations: Theoretical Approaches to Fighting Deep |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/images/LSCO%20DeepOps%20book%20interactive%20with%20cover%20spread%2012Nov21.pdf |publisher=[[United States Army Combined Arms Center]] |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208183737/https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/images/LSCO%20DeepOps%20book%20interactive%20with%20cover%20spread%2012Nov21.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2021 |date=November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Laughbaum |first1=R. Kent |title=Synchronizing Airpower and Firepower in the Deep Battle |url=https://media.defense.gov/2017/Nov/21/2001847061/-1/-1/0/CP_0003_LAUGHBAUM_SYNCHRONIZING_AIRPOWER_FIREPOWER.PDF |website=media.defense.gov |publisher=[[Air University Press]] |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229183637/https://media.defense.gov/2017/Nov/21/2001847061/-1/-1/0/CP_0003_LAUGHBAUM_SYNCHRONIZING_AIRPOWER_FIREPOWER.PDF |archive-date=29 December 2022 |date=January 1999 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wolver |first1=Gary |title=Command, Control, and Coordination of the Joint Battlefield Interdiction Area |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA307607.pdf |website=apps.dtic.mil |publisher=[[Naval War College]] |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901205605/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA307607.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2024 |date=12 February 1996 |url-status=live}}</ref> – using [[Conventional weapons|conventional]] or [[Nuclear weapons|nuclear]] weapons on the [[battlefield]]. Although both services were to participate in the development of the weapon, it was the US Army who led the JTACMS program.<ref>{{Google books|_uBZjgxo_BgC|Department of Defense Appropriations for 1984. Part 1 (1983). United States of America: U.S. Government Printing Office.|page=125|keywords="In FY 1982, we merged"}}</ref><ref>{{Google books|mo8cAAAAMAAJ|Department of Defense Appropriations for 1984. Part 5 (1983). United States of America: U.S. Government Printing Office.|page=610|keywords="Joint tactical missile system"}}</ref>

The program was initially led by Colonel James B. Lincoln, who was a full-time and continuous student at numerous military schools (from 1960, when he graduated from the [[United States Military Academy]], until 1980, when he graduated from [[Industrial College of the Armed Forces]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.redstone.army.mil/miss-jamesblincoln.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820093904/https://history.redstone.army.mil/miss-jamesblincoln.html |archive-date=20 August 2024 |title=Colonel James Lincoln}}</ref> in 1977 on the basis of [[Defense Systems Management College]] graduated with a [[thesis]] of "Managing Total Acquisition Time: A New Priority for Major Weapon Systems", where, in particular, he focused on the significant decrease in the pace of procurement of the main missile complexes compared to 1971<ref>{{Google books|bXEMGFURzJ0C|Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States, Defense Systems Management College, 1980.|page=19|keywords="james B. Lincoln"}}</ref> and in 1980, heading the [[TRADOC]] program at [[Fort Sill]] in the direction of [[MLRS]], spoke rather defiantly about field army systems, where, in particular, he compared the struggle of the US Army for limited resources during the development of new systems with [[bow wave]], which prevents the ship from accelerating, and military projects are either canceled or refinanced by the state, with waves diverging from it,<ref>{{Google books|bXEMGFURzJ0C|Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1980.|page=20|keywords="james B. Lincoln"}}</ref> and was noticed by [[DARCOM]].<ref>{{Google books|bXEMGFURzJ0C| Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1980.|page=118|keywords="james B. Lincoln"}}</ref> In April 1984, he was transferred to be the head of the [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW]] project, and in the current project he was replaced by Colonel William J. Fiorentino, who by that time had already been the head of the [[Pershing Project Manager's Office]] for more than 5 years, which during his leadership developed two-stage solid fuel [[Mobile launcher vehicle|mobile-launched]] [[ballistic missiles]] with a nuclear warhead both [[Short-range ballistic missile|short]] ([[MGM-31 Pershing|Pershing]]) and [[Medium-range ballistic missile|medium]] ([[Pershing II]]) ranged.<ref>{{Google books|MujM-46YO0MC|Program Manager: The Defense Systems Management College Newsletter. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1981.|keywords="J. Fiorentino"}}</ref> Dr. Billy Tidwell who was program manager during JTACMS while and Acting Program Manager for a short period.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lucas |first1=William |last2=Rhoades |first2=Richard |title=Lessons from army system developments {{!}} Volume II Case Studies |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA517010.pdf |website=apps.dtic.mil |publisher=[[University of Alabama in Huntsville]] {{!}} [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430055145/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA517010.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2022 |date=June 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In FY 1984 Congress prohibited the development of a nuclear warhead for JTACMS, despite the Army claiming it could place US forces at a disadvantage if it became necessary to make the system nuclear-capable. In FY 1985 the Army denied having R&D funds programmed for the development of a JTACMS nuclear warhead.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta80o5lxMAsC&dq=JTACMS+Project+manager&pg=PA425 | title=Department of Defense appropriations for fiscal year 1985: Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session | date=1984 | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages = 422–425 }}</ref>

On May, 22th, 1984 the U.S. Army and USAF signed an agreeing on a list of 31 initiatives. Item 18 on that list states  about services will develop a different types of same rocket for each of it – preferences for Army was a development of shorter-ranged  ground-launched system, for air-force – air-launched system.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta80o5lxMAsC&dq=JTACMS+Project+manager&pg=PA425 | title=Department of Defense appropriations for fiscal year 1985: Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session | date=1984 | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office }}</ref>

JTACMS was intended to be a jointly funded program with NATO allies; the [[United Kingdom]], [[Federal Republic of Germany]], [[Belgium]], [[the Netherlands]] and [[Italy]] were initially contacted about joining the program, with the British and Germans expressing interest, while the others declined due to lacking adequate funds.<ref name="auto2"/>

Starting from at least the end of year 1986, the ATACMS program was led by Colonel Thomas J. Kunhart.<ref>{{Google books|hoEEqewyxswC|Army RD & A Magazine.&nbsp;United States,&nbsp;HQ, U.S. Army Materiel Command,&nbsp;1986.|keywords="Kunhart"}}</ref>