Editing Abdullah Ibrahim (section)

==Return to South Africa==
In 1968, Ibrahim briefly returned to Cape Town, where he converted to [[Islam]] that year (with the resultant change of name from Dollar Brand to Abdullah Ibrahim)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://downbeat.com/news/detail/abdullah-ibrahim-focus-the-balance|title=Abdullah Ibrahim: A Focus on Spirituality|first= Dan|last=Ouellette|date=9 September 2019|magazine=[[DownBeat]]}}</ref> and in 1970 he made a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]].<ref name=Joburg />

He met [[Rashid Vally]] at the latter's Kohinoor record shop in Johannesburg in the early 1970s,{{sfn|Mason|2007|p=33}} and Vally produced two of Ibrahim's albums in the following years. The pair produced a third album in 1974, titled ''Underground in Africa'', in which Ibrahim abandoned his financially unsuccessful folk-infused jazz of the previous albums. Instead, the new album was a fusion of jazz, [[rock music]], and South Africa popular music, and sold well.{{sfn|Mason|2007|pp=32–35}} While recording ''Underground'', Ibrahim collaborated with [[Oswietie]], a local band of which [[Robbie Jansen]] and [[Basil Coetzee]] were saxophonists, and who played a large role in creating the album's fusion style. After the success of ''Underground'', Ibrahim asked Coetzee to bring together a supporting band for his next recording: the group Coetzee put together included Jansen, as well as others who had not worked on ''Underground''.{{sfn|Mason|2007|pp=34–35}} The composition "[[Mannenberg]]" was recorded in June 1974 during one of Ibrahim's visits back to South Africa, in a studio in Cape Town, and was produced by Rashid Vally.<ref>{{cite news|title=Farewell to a musical legend|work=Sunday Tribune|date=15 March 1998}}</ref> The track was recorded in one take during a period of collective improvisation.{{sfn|Mason|2007|p=35}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carnegiehall.org/BlogPost.aspx?id=4295009071|title=UBUNTU: Mannenberg|website=Carnegie Hall Blog|date=20 September 2014|access-date=30 June 2018}}</ref> The piece was inspired by the [[Cape Flats]] township where many of those forcibly removed from District Six were sent.<ref name=Jaggi>[[Maya Jaggi|Jaggi, Maya]], [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2001/dec/08/jazz "The sound of freedom"], ''The Guardian'', 8 December 2001. Retrieved 13 August 2014. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127024941/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2001/dec/08/jazz |date=27 November 2016 }}.</ref>

The recordings made with Jansen and Coetzee, including "Mannenberg" (renamed "Capetown Fringe" in its US release), "Black Lightning"; "African Herbs"; and "Soweto Is Where It Is At" – sounds that mirrored and spoke of the defiance in the streets and townships of South Africa – gave impetus to the genre of music known as "[[Cape Jazz]]."<ref name=Jaggi/>{{sfn|Mason|2007|p=25}} "Mannenberg" came to be considered "the unofficial national anthem" of South Africa, and the theme tune of the anti-apartheid movement.<ref>[http://links.org.au/node/450 "Musical Interlude: Abdullah Ibrahim's Mannenberg (Is Where It's Happening)"], ''Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102062826/http://links.org.au/node/450 |date=2 January 2013 }}.</ref><ref>Schiendorfer, Andreas, [https://www.credit-suisse.com/hk/en/about-us/sponsorship/further-commitments/news.article.html/article/pwp/news-and-expertise/2010/02/en/abdullah-ibrahim-musician-with-political-impact.html "Abdullah Ibrahim – Musician with Political Impact"], [[Credit Suisse]], 23 February 2010. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014200940/https://www.credit-suisse.com/hk/en/about-us/sponsorship/further-commitments/news.article.html/article/pwp/news-and-expertise/2010/02/en/abdullah-ibrahim-musician-with-political-impact.html |date=14 October 2014 }}.</ref><ref>Hewett, Ivam, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/interviews/abdullah-ibrahim-interview-dont-like-word-jazz/ "Abdullah Ibrahim interview: 'I don't like the word jazz'"], ''The Telegraph'', 14 November 2017.</ref> Saxophonist and flautist [[Carlos Ward]] was Ibrahim's sideman in duets during the early 1980s. A few years after the release of "Mannenberg" (released in 1974), South African police fired upon protesting children during the [[Soweto Uprising]] that began on 16 June 1976; this event led Ibrahim and Benjamin to publicly express support for the [[African National Congress]], which was still banned at the time.{{sfn|Muller|2004|p=107}}

Soon returning to the US and settling in New York, Ibrahim and Sathima founded the record company Ekapa (meaning "Cape Town") in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abdullahibrahim.co.za/biography/ |title=Abdullah Ibrahim Biography|website=Abdullah Ibrahim|access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref>

Starting in 1983, Ibrahim led a group called Ekaya (which translates as "home"), as well as various trios, occasional big bands and other special projects.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/jazz/profiles/abdullah_ibrahim.shtml "Abdullah Ibrahim"], 100 Jazz profiles, [[BBC Radio 3]]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420151456/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/jazz/profiles/abdullah_ibrahim.shtml |date=20 April 2013 }}.</ref>