Editing Affirmative action (section)

==Women==
{{See also|Women in government#Quotas|label 1=Women in government (quotas)}}
Several different studies investigated the effect of affirmative action on women. Kurtulus (2012) in her review of affirmative action and the occupational advancement of minorities and women during 1973–2003 showed that the effect of affirmative action on advancing black, [[Hispanic]], and white women into management, professional, and technical occupations occurred primarily during the 1970s and early 1980s. During this period, contractors grew their shares of these groups more rapidly than non-contractors because of the implementation of affirmative action. But the positive effect of affirmative action vanished entirely in the late 1980s, which Kurtulus says may be due to the slowdown into advanced occupation for women and minorities because of the political shift of affirmative action that started with President Reagan. Becoming a federal contractor increased white women's share of professional occupations by 0.183 percentage points, or 9.3 percent, on average during these three decades, and increased black women's share by 0.052 percentage points (or by 3.9 percent). Becoming a federal contractor also increased Hispanic women's and black men's share of technical occupations on average by 0.058 percent and 0.109 percentage points respectively (or by 7.7 and 4.2 percent). These represent a substantial contribution of affirmative action to overall trends in the occupational advancement of women and minorities over the three decades under the study.<ref>Fidan Ana Kurtulus, "Affirmative Action and the Occupational Advancement of Minorities and Women During 1973–2003", ''Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society'' (2012) 51#2 pp 213–246. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116090925/http://economics.lafayette.edu/files/2011/04/kurtulus.pdf online]</ref> A reanalysis of multiple scholarly studies, especially in Asia, considered the impact of four primary factors on support for affirmative action programs for women: gender; political factors; psychological factors; and social structure. Kim and Kim (2014) found that, "Affirmative action both corrects existing unfair treatment and gives women equal opportunity in the future."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Sunhee|last2=Kim|first2=Seoyong|date=March 2014|title=Exploring the effect of four factors on affirmative action programs for women|url=http://itlboard.ewha.ac.kr/ys_board/view.htm?oid=26&mcode=56&page=2&serial=96605|url-status=dead|journal=[[Asian Journal of Women's Studies]]|volume=20|issue=1|pages=30–69|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904050901/http://itlboard.ewha.ac.kr/ys_board/view.htm?oid=26&mcode=56&page=2&serial=96605|archive-date=4 September 2015}} [http://ajou.ac.kr/~seoyong/paper/2014-Exploring%20the%20Effect%20of%20Four%20Factors Pdf.]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624065556/http://ajou.ac.kr/~seoyong/paper/2014-Exploring%20the%20Effect%20of%20Four%20Factors|date=24 June 2015}}</ref>