Editing African clawed frog (section)

== Biology ==
=== Thyroid ===
The clawed frog liver responds to low temperatures by increasing production of [[DIO2|type II iodothyronine deiodinase]] {{clarify|text=through increased food intake|reason=The liver is increasing food intake? Increasing its own food intake? Or is this a psychogenic food intake increase?|date=August 2021}}. This in turn spurs the [[thyroid]] to increase [[T3 hormone|T{{sub|3}}]] to [[thermogenesis|increase body temperature]]. (This T{{sub|3}} increase also induces [[germ cell]] [[apoptosis]], mediated through genes left over from [[tadpole]] metamorphosis.)<ref name="Nakane-Yoshimura-2019" />

The effects of provocation of T hormone release are broadly differentiated by where it starts: If centrally, within the [[mediobasal hypothalamus]], then it stimulates seasonal [[testicle|testicular]] growth; if peripherally, then testicular regression and cold-season thermogenesis.<ref name="Nakane-Yoshimura-2019" />

These observations are regarded as widely applicable across vertebrate thyroid systems.<ref name="Nakane-Yoshimura-2019">{{cite journal | last1=Nakane | first1=Yusuke | last2=Yoshimura | first2=Takashi | title=Photoperiodic Regulation of Reproduction in Vertebrates | journal=[[Annual Review of Animal Biosciences]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=7 | issue=1 | date=15 February 2019 | issn=2165-8102 | doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115216 | pages=173–194| pmid=30332291 | s2cid=52984435 }}</ref>

=== Lipidomics ===
The [[lipidomics]] of ''Xenopus'' oocytes have been studied by Tian et al 2014 and Phan et al 2015.<ref name="Samfors-Fletcher-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Sämfors | first1=Sanna | last2=Fletcher | first2=John S. | title=Lipid Diversity in Cells and Tissue Using Imaging SIMS | journal=[[Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry]] | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=13 | issue=1 | date=12 June 2020 | issn=1936-1327 | doi=10.1146/annurev-anchem-091619-103512 | pages=249–271| pmid=32212820 | bibcode=2020ARAC...13..249S | s2cid=214680586 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Epigenetic aging===

In ''[[X. laevis]]'', [[epigenetics|epigenetic]] methylation changes in neural-developmental genes associated with aging are analogous to aging related epigenetic changes in mammalian species.<ref name = Zoller2024>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zoller JA, Parasyraki E, Lu AT, Haghani A, Niehrs C, Horvath S |title=DNA methylation clocks for clawed frogs reveal evolutionary conservation of epigenetic aging |journal=Geroscience |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=945–960 |date=February 2024 |pmid=37270437 |pmc=10828168 |doi=10.1007/s11357-023-00840-3 }}</ref>  This finding suggests that, during their evolutionary divergence, patterns of epigenetic changes in neural-development genes during aging have been conserved between frogs and mammals C.<ref name = Zoller2024/>