Editing Agent-based model (section)

===1970s and 1980s: the first models===

One of the earliest agent-based models in concept was [[Thomas Schelling]]'s segregation model,<ref name="Thomas">{{cite journal |last=Schelling |first=Thomas C. |title=Dynamic Models of Segregation |year=1971 |journal=Journal of Mathematical Sociology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=143–186 |url=http://zolaist.org/wiki/images/c/cf/Models_of_Segregation.pdf |doi=10.1080/0022250x.1971.9989794 |access-date=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201210328/http://zolaist.org/wiki/images/c/cf/Models_of_Segregation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> which was discussed in his paper "Dynamic Models of Segregation" in 1971.  Though Schelling originally used coins and graph paper rather than computers, his models embodied the basic concept of agent-based models as autonomous agents interacting in a shared environment with an observed aggregate, emergent outcome.

In the late 1970s, [[Paulien Hogeweg]] and Bruce Hesper began experimenting with individual models of [[ecology]]. One of their first results was to show that the social structure of bumble-bee colonies emerged as a result of simple rules that govern the behaviour of individual bees.<ref name="hogeweg">{{cite journal |last=Hogeweg |first=Paulien |title=The ontogeny of the interaction structure in bumble bee colonies: a MIRROR model |year=1983 |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=271–283 |doi=10.1007/BF00302895  |bibcode=1983BEcoS..12..271H |s2cid=22530183 }}</ref> 
They introduced the ToDo principle, referring to the way agents "do what there is to do" at any given time.

In the early 1980s, [[Robert Axelrod (political scientist)|Robert Axelrod]] hosted a tournament of [[Prisoner's Dilemma]] strategies and had them interact in an agent-based manner to determine a winner.  Axelrod would go on to develop many other agent-based models in the field of political science that examine phenomena from [[ethnocentrism]] to the dissemination of culture.<ref name="Axelrod_1997">{{Cite book |last=Axelrod |given=Robert |author-link=Robert Axelrod (political scientist) |year=1997 |title=The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration |publisher=Princeton: Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01567-5 }}</ref>
By the late 1980s, [[Craig Reynolds (computer graphics)|Craig Reynolds]]' work on [[flocking behavior|flocking]] models contributed to the development of some of the first biological agent-based models that contained social characteristics. He tried to model the reality of lively biological agents, known as [[artificial life]], a term coined by [[Christopher Langton]].

The first use of the word "agent" and a definition as it is currently used today is hard to track down.  One candidate appears to be [[John Henry Holland|John Holland]] and John H. Miller's 1991 paper "Artificial Adaptive Agents in Economic Theory",<ref name="Holland">{{cite journal |last1=Holland |first1=J.H. |last2=Miller |first2=J.H. |title=Artificial Adaptive Agents in Economic Theory |year=1991 |journal=American Economic Review |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=365–71 |url=http://zia.hss.cmu.edu/miller/papers/aaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027152415/http://zia.hss.cmu.edu/miller/papers/aaa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-10-27 }}</ref> based on an earlier conference presentation of theirs. A stronger and earlier candidate is [[Allen Newell|Allan Newell]], who in the first Presidential Address of AAAI (published as [[Knowledge level|The Knowledge Level]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newell |first=Allen |date=January 1982 |title=The knowledge level |url=|journal=Artificial Intelligence |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=87–127 |doi=10.1016/0004-3702(82)90012-1 |s2cid=40702643 |issn=0004-3702}}</ref>) discussed intelligent agents as a concept.

At the same time, during the 1980s, social scientists, mathematicians, operations researchers, and a scattering of people from other disciplines developed Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory (CMOT).  This field grew as a special interest group of The Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS) and its sister society, the Operations Research Society of America (ORSA).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Kohler |first1=Timothy |title=Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent-based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes |last2=Gumerman |first2=George |publisher=Santa Fe Institute and Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-513167-3 |location=New York, New York}}</ref>