Editing Aharonov–Bohm effect (section)

=== Global action vs. local forces ===

Similarly, the Aharonov–Bohm effect illustrates that the [[Lagrangian dynamics|Lagrangian approach to dynamics]], based on [[action (physics)|energies]], is not just a computational aid to the [[Newtonian dynamics|Newtonian approach]], based on [[force (physics)|forces]]. Thus the Aharonov–Bohm effect validates the view that forces are an incomplete way to formulate physics, and potential energies must be used instead. In fact [[Richard Feynman]] complained that he had been taught electromagnetism from the perspective of electromagnetic fields, and he wished later in life he had been taught to think in terms of the electromagnetic potential instead, as this would be more fundamental.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Luca |first1=Roberto |last2=Di Mauro |first2=Marco |last3=Esposito |first3=Salvatore |last4=Naddeo |first4=Adele |title=Feynman's different approach to electromagnetism |journal=European Journal of Physics |date=1 November 2019 |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=065205 |doi=10.1088/1361-6404/ab423a|arxiv=1902.05799 |bibcode=2019EJPh...40f5205D |s2cid=119383926 }}</ref> In Feynman's [[path integral formulation|path-integral view of dynamics]], the potential field directly changes the phase of an electron wave function, and it is these changes in phase that lead to measurable quantities.