Editing Alarm management (section)

==Concepts==
The fundamental purpose of alarm annunciation is to alert the operator to deviations from normal operating conditions, i.e. abnormal operating situations.  The ultimate objective is to prevent, or at least minimise, physical and economic loss through operator intervention in response to the condition that was alarmed.  For most digital control system users, losses can result from situations that threaten environmental safety, personnel safety, equipment integrity, economy of operation, and product quality control as well as plant throughput.  A key factor in operator response effectiveness is the speed and accuracy with which the operator can identify the alarms that require immediate action.

By default, the assignment of alarm trip points and alarm priorities constitute basic alarm management.  Each individual alarm is designed to provide an alert when that process indication deviates from normal.  The main problem with basic alarm management is that these features are static.  The resultant alarm annunciation does not respond to changes in the mode of operation or the operating conditions.

When a major piece of process equipment like a charge pump, compressor, or fired heater shuts down, many alarms become unnecessary.  These alarms are no longer independent exceptions from normal operation.  They indicate, in that situation, secondary, non-critical effects and no longer provide the operator with important information.  Similarly, during start-up or shutdown of a process unit, many alarms are not meaningful.  This is often the case because the static alarm conditions conflict with the required operating criteria for start-up and shutdown.

In all cases of major equipment failure, start-ups, and shutdowns, the operator must search alarm annunciation displays and analyse which alarms are significant.  This wastes valuable time when the operator needs to make important operating decisions and take swift action.  If the resultant flood of alarms becomes too great for the operator to comprehend, then the basic alarm management system has failed as a system that allows the operator to respond quickly and accurately to the alarms that require immediate action.  In such cases, the operator has virtually no chance to minimise, let alone prevent, a significant loss.

In short, one needs to extend the objectives of alarm management beyond the basic level.  It is not sufficient to utilise multiple priority levels because priority itself is often dynamic.  Likewise, alarm disabling based on unit association or suppressing audible annunciation based on priority do not provide dynamic, selective alarm annunciation.  The solution must be an alarm management system that can dynamically filter the process alarms based on the current plant operation and conditions so that only the currently significant alarms are annunciated.

The fundamental purpose of dynamic alarm annunciation is to alert the operator to relevant abnormal operating situations.  They include situations that have a necessary or possible operator response to ensure:
*Personnel and Environmental Safety,
*Equipment Integrity,
*Product Quality Control.
The ultimate objectives are no different from the previous basic alarm annunciation management objectives.  Dynamic alarm annunciation management focuses the operator's attention by eliminating extraneous alarms, providing better recognition of critical problems, and insuring swifter, more accurate operator response.<ref>Jensen, Leslie D. [http://www.prosys.com/resources/dynamic-alarm-management-on-an-ethylene-plant "Dynamic Alarm Management on an Ethylene Plant"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095649/http://www.prosys.com/resources/dynamic-alarm-management-on-an-ethylene-plant |date=2016-03-04 }}. Retrieved 2008-05-22.</ref>