Editing Alids (section)

=== Umayyads era ({{Reign|661|750}}) ===
Mu'awiya seized the rule after the [[assassination of Ali]] in 661 and founded the [[Umayyad Caliphate]],{{Sfn|Madelung|2003}} during which the Alids and their supporters were heavily persecuted.{{Sfn|Huart|2012}} After Ali, his followers ({{Transliteration|ar|[[Shia|shi'a]]}}) recognized as their [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|imam]] his eldest son Hasan. After his death in 670, they turned to his brother Husayn, but he and his small caravan were massacred by the Umayyads in the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680.{{Sfn|Daftary|2008}} Soon followed the Shia uprising of [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi|al-Mukhtar]] in 685 on behalf of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiya.{{Sfn|Daftary|2008}} Many more Shia revolts followed afterward, led not only by the Alids but also by other kinsmen of Muhammad.{{Sfn|Daftary|2008}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=64}}

The main movements in this period were the now-extinct [[Kaysanites]] and the Imamites. Named after a commander of al-Mukhtar,{{Sfn|McHugo|2018|p=104}} the Kaysanites energetically opposed the Umayyads and were led by various relatives of Muhammad. Their majority followed [[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya|Abu Hashim]], the son of Ibn al-Hanafiya. When Abu Hashim died around 716, this group followed [[Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah|Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abd-Allah]], the great-grandson of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]].{{Sfn|Daftary|2013|p=39}} The Kaysanite movement thus aligned itself with the Abbasids, that is, the descendants of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.{{Sfn|Daftary|2008}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=69}} On the other hand, the Imamites were led by the quiescent descendants of Husayn through his only surviving son, [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Ali Zayn al-Abidin]] ({{Died in|713}}), their fourth imam. His son [[Zayd ibn Ali]] was an exception for he led a failed uprising against the Umayyads around 740.{{Sfn|Daftary|2008}} The followers of Zayd went on to form the [[Zaydism|Zaydites]], for whom any learned Hasanid or Husaynid who rose against tyranny was qualified as imam.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=49}}