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Alpine climate
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==Distribution== [[File:Alpine climate map.gif|thumb|right|upright=1.4|Global map of alpine climate<ref name=Testolin/>]] Although this climate classification only covers a small portion of the Earth's surface, alpine climates are widely distributed. Mountainous areas that have alpine climate include:<ref name=Testolin>{{cite journal|last1=Testolin|first1=Riccardo|last2=Attorre|first2=Fabio|last3=Jiménez-Alfaro|first3=Borja|year=2020|title=Global distribution and bioclimatic characterization of alpine biomes|journal=Ecography|volume=43|issue=6 |pages=779–788 |doi=10.1111/ecog.05012|bibcode=2020Ecogr..43..779T |hdl=11585/896830|hdl-access=free}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=23em}} *'''Asia''' **[[Himalayas]] **[[Tibetan Plateau]] **[[Gansu]] **[[Qinghai]] **[[Mount Lebanon]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=McColl |first1=R. W. |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography - Volume 1 |date=May 14, 2014 |publisher=Facts On File, Incorporated |isbn=9780816072293 |page=537}}</ref> *'''Europe''' **[[Alps]] **[[Urals]] **[[Pyrenees]] **[[Scandinavian Mountains]] **[[Scottish highlands]] *'''South America''' **[[Andes]] *'''North America''' **[[Sierra Nevada]] in California **[[Cascade Range]] **[[Rocky Mountains]] **[[Torngat Mountains]], Canada **[[Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] *'''Africa''' **[[Atlas Mountains]] **[[Ethiopian Highlands]] *'''Oceania''' **[[Southern Alps]] of New Zealand **[[Tasmania]] **[[Mount Pico]] in the Atlantic<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate atlas of the archipelagos of the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores |url=https://www.ipma.pt/export/sites/ipma/bin/docs/publicacoes/atlas.clima.ilhas.iberico.2011.pdf |publisher=[[IPMA]], [[AEMET]] |access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref> **[[Mauna Loa]] in the Pacific<ref>{{cite web|title=Plants and Climate|work=Information about Mauna Loa|publisher=Hawaii Center for Volcanology|url=https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/mloa-flora.html|access-date=11 March 2025}}</ref> {{div col end}} [[File:Treeline elevation.gif|thumb|right|Elevation of treeline by latitude<ref name=Testolin/>]] The lowest altitude of alpine climate varies dramatically by latitude. If alpine climate is defined by the tree line, then it occurs as low as {{convert|650|m|ft}} at 68°N in Sweden,<ref name=korner>{{cite journal|last1=Körner|first1=Ch|year=1998|title=A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation|journal=Oecologia|volume=115|pages=445–459|doi=10.1007/s004420050540|pmid=28308263|issue=4|url=http://culter.colorado.edu/~kittel/TreelineLat_Koerner98.pdf|bibcode=1998Oecol.115..445K|citeseerx=10.1.1.454.8501|s2cid=8647814|access-date=2015-08-05|archive-date=2006-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911194023/http://culter.colorado.edu/%7ekittel/TreelineLat_Koerner98.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> while on [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] in Tanzania, the tree line is at {{convert|3950|m}}.<ref name=korner/>
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