Editing Angiography (section)

==Uses==
[[File:Angiome annulaire.JPG|thumb|Finger [[angioma]] seen on angiogram]]

===Coronary angiography===
{{main|Coronary catheterization|Coronary CT angiography}}
One of the most common angiograms performed is to visualize the [[coronary artery|coronary arteries]]. A long, thin, flexible tube called a [[catheter]] is used to administer the X-ray contrast agent at the desired area to be visualized. The catheter is threaded into an artery in the [[forearm]], and the tip is advanced through the arterial system into the major coronary artery.  [[X-ray]] images of the transient [[radiocontrast]] distribution within the blood flowing inside the coronary arteries allows visualization of the size of the artery [[lumen (anatomy)|openings]]. The presence or absence of [[atherosclerosis]] or [[atheroma]] within the walls of the [[artery|arteries]] cannot be clearly determined.

Coronary angiography can visualize coronary artery [[stenosis]], or narrowing of the blood vessel. The degree of stenosis can be determined by comparing the width of the lumen of narrowed segments of blood vessel with wider segments of adjacent vessel.<ref name="Masters2012"/>

The coronary angiography is performed under local anaesthesia. The patient is awake during the procedure. An incision is made in the groin, wrist, or arm, and a catheter is inserted into the artery through it. An X-ray is used to guide the catheter to the area of blockage. A dye is inserted through the catheter to make the places of blockage visible.

When the catheter is in position, a thin wire with a balloon is guided to the place of blockage. The balloon is inflated to widen the artery, allowing the blood to flow freely. Often, a stent is used, and as the balloon is inflated, the stent in place expands and holds open the artery. The balloon is then deflated and removed, leaving the stent in place.

After the completion of the procedure, the catheter is removed, and the plug area is sealed using angio-seal.

The procedure takes around two hours, and the patient can be discharged after an overnight stay in the hospital, depending on the condition.<ref>[https://www.drmanjindersandhu.com/cardiology-insights/coronary-angioplasty-procedure-in-india Procedure of Coronary Angioplasty Treatment in India] by [https://www.drmanjindersandhu.com/ Dr. Manjinder Sandhu], a leading cardiologist in Gurugram</ref>

===Cerebral angiography===
{{Main|Cerebral angiography}}

Cerebral angiography provides images of blood vessels in and around the brain to detect abnormalities, including [[arteriovenous malformation]]s and [[aneurysm]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colman |first1=Andrew M. |title=A Dictionary of Psychology |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780191744358 |edition=Fourth |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001/acref-9780199657681 |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> One common cerebral angiographic procedure is neuro-vascular [[digital subtraction angiography]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Glick|first=Yair|title=Digital subtraction angiography {{!}} Radiology Reference Article {{!}} Radiopaedia.org|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/digital-subtraction-angiography|access-date=2021-09-29|website=Radiopaedia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Eddy AC, Nance DR, Goldman MA, etal |title=Rapid diagnosis of thoracic aortic transection using intravenous digital subtraction angiography |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=159 |issue=5 |pages=500–3 |date=May 1990 |pmid=2334014 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9610(05)81255-3}}</ref>

===Pulmonary angiography===
{{Main|Pulmonary angiography}}
Pulmonary angiography is used to visualise the anatomy of pulmonary vessels. Pulmonary angiography may be used during embolization of [[Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation|pulmonary arteriovenous malformations]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cusumano |first1=Lucas R. |last2=Duckwiler |first2=Gary R. |last3=Roberts |first3=Dustin G. |last4=McWilliams |first4=Justin P. |date=January 2020 |title=Treatment of Recurrent Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations: Comparison of Proximal Versus Distal Embolization Technique |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00270-019-02328-0 |journal=CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.1007/s00270-019-02328-0 |pmid=31471718 |issn=0174-1551|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In addition, pulmonary angiography may be performed during treatment of [[Pulmonary embolism|pulmonary embolisms]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Palm |first1=Viktoria |last2=Rengier |first2=Fabian |last3=Rajiah |first3=Prabhakar |last4=Heussel |first4=Claus Peter |last5=Partovi |first5=Sasan |date=January 2020 |title=Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Imaging Techniques, Findings, Endovascular Treatment and Differential Diagnoses |url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/a-0900-4200 |journal=RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren |language=de |volume=192 |issue=1 |pages=38–49 |doi=10.1055/a-0900-4200 |pmid=31137046 |issn=1438-9029}}</ref>    

===Peripheral angiography===
Angiography is also commonly performed to identify vessels [[stenosis|narrowing]] in patients with leg claudication or ''cramps'', caused by reduced blood flow down the legs and to the feet; in patients with renal stenosis (which commonly causes high blood pressure) and can be used in the head to find and repair stroke. These are all done routinely through the femoral artery, but can also be performed through the brachial or axillary (arm) artery.  Any stenoses found may be treated by the use of balloon angioplasty, stenting, or [[atherectomy]].

=== Visceral angiography ===
A common indication for angiography is to evaluate and guide treatment for internal (e.g. gastrointestinal) bleeding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seyferth |first1=Elisabeth |last2=Dai |first2=Rui |last3=Ronald |first3=James |last4=Martin |first4=Jonathan G. |last5=Sag |first5=Alan A. |last6=Befera |first6=Nicholas |last7=Pabon-Ramos |first7=Waleska M. |last8=Suhocki |first8=Paul V. |last9=Smith |first9=Tony P. |last10=Kim |first10=Charles Y. |date=March 2022 |title=Safety Profile of Particle Embolization for Treatment of Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1051044321014780 |journal=Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=286–294 |doi=10.1016/j.jvir.2021.11.006|pmid=34798292 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Angiography may also be used during [[hemorrhoidal artery embolization]] for treatment of symptomatic [[Hemorrhoid|hemorrhoids]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Whje31Jlm10 |title=Hemorrhoidal Artery Embolization Minimally Invasive Treatment for Symptomatic Internal Hemorrhoids |date=2024-06-24 |via=UCLA Health |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=YouTube}}</ref> 

===Fluorescein angiography===
[[Fluorescein angiography]] is a medical procedure in which a fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye highlights the blood vessels in the back of the eye so they can be photographed. This test is often used to manage eye disorders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fluorescein Angiography|url=http://www.empireretina.com/medical-services/|website=Empire Retina Consultants|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>

===OCT angiography===
[[Optical coherence tomography]] (OCT) is a technology using [[near-infrared]] light to image the eye, in particular penetrate the retina to view the micro-structure behind the retinal surface.
[[Optical coherence tomography#Ophthalmology|Ocular OCT]] angiography (OCTA) is a method leveraging OCT technology to assess the vascular health of the retina.<ref name="pmid28760677">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kashani AH, Chen CL, Gahm JK, Zheng F, Richter GM, Rosenfeld PJ, Shi Y, Wang RK | title = Optical coherence tomography angiography: A comprehensive review of current methods and clinical applications | journal = Progress in Retinal and Eye Research | volume = 60 | pages = 66–100 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28760677 | pmc = 5600872 | doi = 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.07.002 }}</ref>

===Microangiography===
[[Microangiography]] is commonly used to visualize tiny blood vessels.

===Post mortem CT angiography===

Post mortem CT angiography for medicolegal cases is a method initially developed by a [[virtopsy]] group. Originating from that project, both watery<ref name="p18430859">{{cite journal |vauthors =Ross S, Spendlove D, Bolliger S, Christe A, Oesterhelweg L, Grabherr S, Thali MJ, Gygax E|title=Postmortem whole-body CT angiography: evaluation of two contrast media solutions.|journal=AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.|volume=190 |issue=5 |pages=1380–9 |year=2008 |pmid=18430859 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.3082}}</ref> and oily<ref name="p17056884">{{cite journal |vauthors =Grabherr S, Djonov V, Friess A, Thali MJ, Ranner G, Vock P, Dirnhofer R|title=Postmortem angiography after vascular perfusion with diesel oil and a lipophilic contrast agent|journal=AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.|volume=187 |issue=5 |pages=W515–23 |year=2006 |pmid=17056884 |doi=10.2214/AJR.05.1394}}</ref> solutions have been evaluated.

While oily solutions<ref name="p17056884"/> require special deposition equipment to collect waste water, watery<ref name="p18430859"/> solutions seem to be regarded as less problematic. Watery solutions also were documented to enhance post mortem CT tissue differentiation whereas oily solutions were not. Conversely, oily solutions seem to only minimally disturb ensuing toxicological analysis, while watery solutions may significantly impede toxicological analysis, thus requiring blood sample preservation before post mortem CT angiography.<ref name="p22704555">{{cite journal |vauthors =Rutty GN, Smith P, Visser T, Barber J, Amorosa J, Morgan B|title=The effect on toxicology, biochemistry and immunology investigations by the use of targeted post-mortem computed tomography angiography|journal=Forensic Sci. Int.|year=2012 |pmid=22704555 |volume=225 |issue=1–3 |pages=42–7 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.05.012}}</ref>