Editing Animation (section)

==History<!--'Animated cartoon' redirects here-->==
[[File:Prof. Stampfer's Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X.gif|thumb|''Prof. Stampfers Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X'' (1833)]]
[[File:Lanature1882 praxinoscope projection reynaud.png|thumb|A projecting [[praxinoscope]], from 1882, here shown superimposing an animated figure on a separately projected background scene]]
[[File:Fantasmagorie (Cohl).GIF|thumb|''[[Fantasmagorie (film)|Fantasmagorie]]'' (1908) by [[Émile Cohl]]]]
{{main|History of animation}}

===Before cinematography===
{{main|Early history of animation}}
Long before modern animation began, audiences around the world were captivated by the magic of moving characters. For centuries, master artists and craftsmen have brought puppets, [[automaton]]s, [[shadow puppets]], and fantastical [[lantern]]s to life, inspiring the imagination through physically manipulated wonders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Modern Animation Originated from Live and Stage Performances - studio9 |url=https://studio9.ie/journal/how-modern-animation-originated-from-live-and-stage-performances |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=studio9.ie}}</ref>

In 1833, the [[stroboscope|stroboscopic]] disc (better known as the [[phenakistiscope]]) introduced the principle of modern animation, which would also be applied in the [[zoetrope]] (introduced in 1866), the [[flip book]] (1868), the [[praxinoscope]] (1877) and [[film]].

===Silent era===
When [[cinematography]] eventually broke through in the 1890s, the wonder of the realistic details in the new medium was seen as its biggest accomplishment. It took years before animation found its way to the cinemas. The successful short ''The Haunted Hotel'' (1907) by [[J. Stuart Blackton]] popularized [[stop motion]] and reportedly inspired [[Émile Cohl]] to create ''[[Fantasmagorie (film)|Fantasmagorie]]'' (1908), regarded as the oldest known example of a complete [[traditional animation|traditional (hand-drawn) animation]] on standard cinematographic film. Other great artistic and very influential short films were created by [[Ladislas Starevich]] with his puppet animations since 1910 and by [[Winsor McCay]] with detailed hand-drawn animation in films such as ''[[Little Nemo (1911 film)|Little Nemo]]'' (1911) and ''[[Gertie the Dinosaur]]'' (1914).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=22 July 2023 |title=Winsor McCay: American Animator|encyclopedia = Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Winsor-McCay |access-date= |language=en}}</ref>

During the 1910s, the production of animated "[[cartoons]]" became an industry in the US.{{sfn|Solomon|1989|p=28}} Successful producer [[John Randolph Bray]] and animator [[Earl Hurd]], patented the [[cel animation]] process that dominated the animation industry for the rest of the century.{{sfn|Solomon|1989|p=24}}{{sfn|Solomon|1989|p=34}} [[Felix the Cat]], who debuted in 1919, became the first fully realized anthropomorphic animal character in the history of American animation.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael|last1=Cart|title=The Cat With the Killer Personality|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/31/books/the-cat-with-the-killer-personality.html|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=31 March 1991|access-date=30 December 2022|archivedate=11 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411005148/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/31/books/the-cat-with-the-killer-personality.html}}</ref>
[[Image:FelixTheCat-1919-FelineFollies silent.ogv|thumb|''Feline Follies'' with [[Felix the Cat]], silent, 1919]]

===American golden age===
{{main|Golden Age of American animation}}
In 1928, ''[[Steamboat Willie]]'', featuring [[Mickey Mouse]] and [[Minnie Mouse]], popularized film-with-synchronized-sound and put [[Walt Disney]]'s studio at the forefront of the animation industry. Although [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney Animation's]] actual output relative to total global animation output has always been very small, the studio has overwhelmingly dominated the "aesthetic norms" of animation ever since.<ref name="Furniss_Page_107">{{cite book |last1=Furniss |first1=Maureen |title=Art in Motion, Revised Edition |chapter=Classical-era Disney Studio |author1-link=Maureen Furniss |date=2007 |pages=107–132 |publisher=John Libbey Publishing |location=New Barnet |isbn=9780861966639 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt2005zgm.9 |jstor=j.ctt2005zgm.9 |edition=2014 print-on-demand ed., based on 2007 revised |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2005zgm.9|oclc=1224213919}}</ref>

The enormous success of Mickey Mouse is seen as the start of the [[golden age of American animation]] that would last until the 1960s. The United States dominated the world market of animation with a plethora of cel-animated theatrical shorts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barrier |first=Michael |title=Hollywood Cartoons American Animation in Its Golden Age |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780199839223 |location=}}</ref> Several studios would introduce characters that would become very popular and would have long-lasting careers, including [[Walt Disney Productions]]' [[Goofy]] (1932) and [[Donald Duck]] (1934), [[Fleischer Studios]]/[[Paramount Cartoon Studios]]' [[Out of the Inkwell]]' [[Koko the Clown]] (1918), [[Bimbo (Fleischer Studios)|Bimbo]] and [[Betty Boop]] (1930), [[Popeye#Theatrical animated cartoons|Popeye]] (1933) and [[Casper the Friendly Ghost]] (1945), [[Warner Bros. Cartoons|Warner Bros. Cartoon Studios]]' [[Looney Tunes]]' [[Porky Pig]] (1935), [[Daffy Duck]] (1937), [[Elmer Fudd]] (1937–1940), [[Bugs Bunny]] (1938–1940), [[Tweety]] (1942), [[Sylvester the Cat]] (1945), [[Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner]] (1949), [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio|MGM cartoon studio]]'s [[Tom and Jerry]] (1940) and [[Droopy]], [[Walter Lantz Productions|Universal Cartoon Studios]]' [[Woody Woodpecker]] (1940), [[Terrytoons]]/[[20th Century Fox]]'s [[Mighty Mouse]] (1942), and [[United Artists]]' [[Pink Panther (character)|Pink Panther]] (1963).

===Features before CGI===
[[File:Quirino Cristiani con una figura.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Italian-Argentine cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]] showing the cut and articulated figure of his satirical character ''El Peludo'' (based on President [[Hipólito Yrigoyen|Yrigoyen]]) patented in 1916 for the realization of his films, including the world's first animated feature film ''[[El Apóstol]]''{{sfn|Bendazzi|1994|p=49}}]]
In 1917, Italian-Argentine director [[Quirino Cristiani]] made the first feature-length film ''[[El Apóstol]]'' (now [[lost film|lost]]), which became a critical and commercial success. It was followed by Cristiani's ''[[Sin dejar rastros]]'' in 1918, but one day after its premiere, the film was confiscated by the government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=animafest.hr |url=https://www.animafest.hr/en/2009/film/read_all/quirino_cristiani_the_mystery_of_the_first_animated_movies |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=www.animafest.hr}}</ref>

After working on it for three years, [[Lotte Reiniger]] released the German feature-length [[silhouette animation]] ''[[Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed]]'' in 1926, the oldest extant animated feature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Maria |date=15 December 2020 |title=The Lasting Legacy of Lotte Reiniger |url=https://www.acmi.net.au/stories-and-ideas/lasting-legacy-lotte-reiniger/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=[[Australian Centre for the Moving Image]]}}</ref>

In 1937, [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Studios]] premiered their first animated feature ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'', still one of the highest-grossing traditional animation features {{as of|lc=y| May 2020}}.<ref name="snowwhite1">Total prior to 50th anniversary reissue: {{cite news |last=Culhane |first=John |title='Snow White' At 50: Undimmed Magic |date=12 July 1987 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/12/movies/snow-white-at-50-undimmed-magic.html |access-date=|quote=By now, it has grossed about $330&nbsp;million worldwide – so it remains one of the most popular films ever made. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604200704/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/12/movies/snow-white-at-50-undimmed-magic.html |archive-date=4 June 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="snowwhite2">1987 and 1993 grosses from North America: {{cite web |title=Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs – Releases |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=releases&id=snowwhite.htm |access-date= |quote=1987 release – $46,594,212; 1993 release – $41,634,471 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529094807/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=releases&id=snowwhite.htm |archive-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Fleischer studios followed this example in 1939 with ''[[Gulliver's Travels (1939 film)|Gulliver's Travels]]'' with some success. Partly due to foreign markets being cut off by the Second World War, Disney's next features ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]'', ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'' (both 1940), Fleischer Studios' second animated feature ''[[Mr. Bug Goes to Town]]'' (1941–1942) and Disney's feature films ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'' (1950), ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' (1951) and ''[[Lady and the Tramp]]'' (1955) failed at the box office. For several decades, Disney was the only American studio to regularly produce animated features, until [[Ralph Bakshi]] became the first to release more than a handful of features. [[Sullivan-Bluth Studios]] began to regularly produce animated features starting with ''[[An American Tail]]'' in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don Bluth Contents |url=http://www.cataroo.com/DBconts.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.cataroo.com}}</ref>

Although relatively few titles became as successful as Disney's features, other countries developed their own animation industries that produced both short and feature theatrical animations in a wide variety of styles, relatively often including [[stop motion]] and [[cutout animation]] techniques. Soviet [[Soyuzmultfilm]] animation studio, founded in 1936, produced 20 films (including shorts) per year on average and reached 1,582 titles in 2018. China, Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic, Italy, France, and Belgium were other countries that more than occasionally released feature films.

===Television===
Animation became very popular on television since the 1950s, when television sets started to become common in most developed countries. Cartoons were mainly programmed for children, on convenient time slots, and especially US youth spent many hours watching [[Saturday-morning cartoon]]s. Many classic cartoons found a new life on the small screen and by the end of the 1950s, the production of new animated cartoons started to shift from theatrical releases to TV series. [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]] was especially prolific and had huge hit series, such as ''[[The Flintstones]]'' (1960–1966) (the first [[prime time]] animated series), ''[[Scooby-Doo]]'' (since 1969) and Belgian co-production ''[[The Smurfs (1981 TV series)|The Smurfs]]'' (1981–1989). The constraints of American television programming and the demand for an enormous quantity resulted in cheaper and quicker [[limited animation]] methods and much more formulaic scripts. Quality dwindled until more daring animation surfaced in the late 1980s and in the early 1990s with hit series, the first cartoon of [[The Simpsons shorts|The Simpsons]] (1987), which later developed into [[The Simpsons|its own show]] (in 1989) and ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' (since 1999) as part of a "renaissance" of American animation.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

While US animated series also spawned successes internationally, many other countries produced their own child-oriented programming, relatively often preferring [[stop motion]] and [[puppetry]] over cel animation. Japanese [[anime]] TV series became very successful internationally since the 1960s, and European producers looking for affordable cel animators relatively often started co-productions with Japanese studios, resulting in hit series such as ''[[Barbapapa]]'' (The Netherlands/Japan/France 1973–1977), ''[[Vicky the Viking|Wickie und die starken Männer/小さなバイキング ビッケ (Vicky the Viking)]]'' (Austria/Germany/Japan 1974), ''[[Maya the Honey Bee]]'' (Japan/Germany 1975) and ''[[The Jungle Book (1989 TV series)|The Jungle Book]]'' (Italy/Japan 1989).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

===Switch from cels to computers===
{{main|History of computer animation}}
[[Computer animation]] was gradually developed since the 1940s. 3D wireframe animation started popping up in the mainstream in the 1970s, with an early (short) appearance in the sci-fi thriller ''[[Futureworld]]'' (1976).<ref>{{cite web | last=Ferrier | first=Aimee | title=What was the first movie to feature a CGI lead character? | website=Far Out Magazine | date=2022-10-07 | url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/first-movie-cgi-lead-character/ | access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref>

''[[The Rescuers Down Under]]'' was the first feature film to be completely created digitally without a camera.<ref name="first digital guinness">{{cite web |title=First fully digital feature film |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-fully-digital-feature-film/ |work=Guinness World Records |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> It was produced using the [[Computer Animation Production System]] (CAPS), developed by [[Pixar]] in collaboration with [[The Walt Disney Company]] in the late 1980s, in a style similar to traditional cel animation.<ref name="Ness 2015 p197">{{cite web | last=Ness | first=Mari | title=The Arrival of Computer Animation: The Rescuers Down Under | website=Reactor Magazine | date=17 December 2015 | url=https://reactormag.com/the-arrival-of-computer-animation-the-rescuers-down-under/ | access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Guinness World Records 2024 a420">{{cite web | title=First fully digital feature film | website=Guinness World Records | date=27 February 2024 | url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-fully-digital-feature-film | access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Allison 2022 u732">{{cite web | last=Allison | first=Austin | title=Disney and Pixar's Top 5 Most Innovative Animation Technologies, Explained | website=Collider | date=23 January 2022 | url=https://collider.com/disney-pixar-animation-technologies-explained/#caps | access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref>

The so-called 3D style, more often associated with computer animation, became the dominant technique following the success of Pixar's ''[[Toy Story]]'' (1995), the first computer-animated feature in this style.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Zorthian |first=Julia |date=19 November 2015 |title=How ''Toy Story'' Changed Movie History |url=https://time.com/4118006/20-years-toy-story-pixar/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref>

Most of the cel animation studios switched to producing mostly computer-animated films around the 1990s, as it proved cheaper and more profitable. Not only the very popular 3D animation style was generated with computers, but also most of the films and series with a more traditional hand-crafted appearance, in which the charming characteristics of cel animation could be emulated with software, while new digital tools helped developing new styles and effects.<ref>{{cite web |last=Amidi |first=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi |title= Sergio Pablos Talks About His Stunning Hand-Drawn Project 'Klaus' [Exclusive] |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/interviews/sergio-pablos-talks-about-his-stunning-hand-drawn-project-klaus-exclusive-113621.html |website=[[Cartoon Brew]] |date=1 June 2015 |access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHxhr6KAaUw |last1=Netflix: Behind the Streams | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211122/FHxhr6KAaUw| archive-date=22 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=The Origins of Klaus |date= 10 October 2019 |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=12 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Abbie |title=Exclusive Interview: John Kahrs & Kristina Reed on PAPERMAN |url= http://www.assignmentx.com/2013/exclusive-interview-john-kahrs-kristina-reed-on-paperman/ |work=Assignment X |publisher= Midnight Productions, Inc|access-date=6 October 2013|date=25 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title='Paperman' short to play before 'Wreck it Ralph'|first1= Anthony |last1 = Breznican  |url= https://ew.com/article/2012/06/28/first-look-paperman/|magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date = 28 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224033559/https://ew.com/article/2012/06/28/first-look-paperman/ |archive-date= 24 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sarto|first= Dan|title=Inside Disney's New Animated Short 'Paperman' |date=1 June 2012 |url=http://www.awn.com/articles/short-films/inside-disney-s-new-animated-short-paperman|publisher=Animation World Network|access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.3dworldmag.com/2012/06/29/disneys-paperman-animated-short-fuses-cg-and-hand-drawn-techniques/ |title=Disney's Paperman animated short fuses CG and hand-drawn techniques|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>