Editing Anopheles (section)

=== Phylogeny ===

The ancestors of all [[Fly|flies]] including mosquitoes appeared {{Ma|260}}.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Culicinae|culicine]] and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between {{Ma|120}} and {{Ma|150}}.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between {{Ma|80}} and {{Ma|95}}.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''[[Anopheles darlingi]]'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~{{Ma|100}}.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref>  The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito [[genome]]s by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/>

{{clade
|label1=[[Diptera]]
|sublabel1= 260 [[myr|mya]]
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Culicidae]]
   |sublabel1= ''mosquitoes''
   |1={{clade
      |label1='''''Anopheles'''''
      |sublabel1= 100 [[myr|mya]]
      |1={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |label1=subgenus ''[[Anopheles (Cellia)|Cellia]]''
            |1={{clade
               |1={{clade
               |sublabel1= 30 [[myr|mya]]
                  |label1=subgenus ''Pyretophorus''
                  |1={{clade
                     |1=''[[gambiae]]'' complex (Africa)
                     |2=''A. epirotus'' & spp.
                     }}
                  |2=''A. stephensi'' & spp.
                  }}
               |2=''A. dirus'' & spp.
               }}
            |2=subgenus ''Anopheles''
            }}
         |2=subgenus ''[[Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus)|Nyssorhynchus]]'' (Americas)
         }}
      |2=[[Culicinae]]
      }}
   |2=[[Muscomorpha]]
   |sublabel2=''all other flies''
   }}
}}