Editing Anthropometry (section)

===Auxologic===
{{main|Auxology}}
Auxologic is a broad term covering the study of all aspects of [[human]] physical [[human development (biology)|growth]].

====Height====
{{main|Human height}}
[[Human height]] varies greatly between individuals and across populations for a variety of complex biological, genetic, and environmental factors, among others. Due to methodological and practical problems, its measurement is also subject to considerable error in [[statistical sampling]].

The average height in genetically and environmentally [[Homogeneity (statistics)|homogeneous]] [[population genetics|population]]s is often proportional across a large number of individuals. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from a population's average) within such a population is sometimes due to [[gigantism]] or [[dwarfism]], which are caused by specific [[gene]]s or [[endocrine]] abnormalities.<ref>Ganong, William F. (Lange Medical, 2001) ''Review of Medical Physiology'' (pp. 392–397)</ref> It is important to note that a great degree of variation occurs between even the most 'common' bodies (66% of the population),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gill|first1=Simeon|last2=Parker|first2=Christopher J.|title=The True Height of the Waist: Explorations of Automated Body Scanner Waist Definitions of the TC2 scanner|journal=Proc. Of 5th Int. Conf. On 3D Body Scanning Technologies|date=2014|pages=55–65|doi=10.15221/14.055|isbn=9783033047631}}</ref> and as such no person can be considered 'average'.

In the most extreme population comparisons, for example, the average [[female]] height in [[Bolivia]] is {{convert|142.2|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} while the average [[male]] height in the [[Dinaric Alps]] is {{convert|185.6|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, an average difference of {{convert |43.4 |cm|ftin|abbr=on}}. Similarly, the [[List of shortest people|shortest]] and [[List of tallest people|tallest]] of individuals, [[Chandra Bahadur Dangi]] and [[Robert Wadlow]], have ranged from {{convert|53-272|cm|ftin|frac=2|abbr=on}}, respectively.<ref name="GWR-Dangi">{{cite web|url = https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/2/shortest-man-world-record-its-official!-chandra-bahadur-dangi-is-smallest-adult-of-all-time|title= Shortest man world record: It's official! Chandra Bahadur Dangi is smallest adult of all time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228213528/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/2/shortest-man-world-record-its-official!-chandra-bahadur-dangi-from-nepal-is-smallest-adult-of-all-time |archive-date=2012-02-28 |work = Guinness World Records|date = 26 February 2012|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="GWR-Wadlow">{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/tallest-man-ever |title=Tallest Man Ever |date=27 June 1940 |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] }}</ref>

The age range where most females stop growing is 15–⁠18 years and the age range where most males stop growing is 18–⁠21 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=2 to 20 years: Girls Stature-for-age and Weight-for-age percentiles |url=https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/data/set2clinical/cj41c072.pdf |website=CDC |access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2 to 20 years: Boys Stature-for-age and Weight-for-age percentiles |url=https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/data/set1clinical/cj41c021.pdf |website=CDC |access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Growing Taller –At What Age do Men Stop Growing? |url=https://upsmash.com/story/growing-taller-at-what-age-do-men-stop-growing/ |website=Upsmash |date=20 July 2017 |access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aronson |first1=Anna |title=Does Your Height Increase After You're 21? |url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/352563-does-your-height-increase-after-youre-21/ |website=Livestrong |access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Georgoff |first1=Victoria |title=When do girls stop growing? |url=https://www.care.com/c/stories/4218/when-do-girls-stop-growing/ |website=Care.com |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Physical changes in puberty: girls and boys |url=https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/development/puberty-sexual-development/physical-changes-in-puberty |website=raisingchildren.net.au |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Investigations on Skeletal Growth Zones via Bone Scans as Base of Determination of Optimal Time for Surgery in Mandibular Asymmetry |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10984887/ |journal=Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear Medicine |year=2000 |publisher=NIH |pmid=10984887 |access-date=26 June 2020|last1=Reuland |first1=P. |last2=Werz |first2=R. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=121–6 |doi=10.1055/s-0038-1632257 |s2cid=43341029 }}</ref>

====Weight====
{{main|Human weight}}
[[Human weight]] varies extensively both individually and across populations, with the most extreme documented examples of adults being [[Lucia Zarate]] who weighed {{cvt|4.7|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}}, and [[Jon Brower Minnoch]] who weighed {{cvt|1,400|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}}, and with population extremes ranging from {{cvt|109.3|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}} in [[Bangladesh]] to {{cvt|192.7|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}} in [[Micronesia]].<ref name='2009-09-24 TT'>{{cite news | first = Tom | last = Chivers | title = Human extremes: the tallest, shortest, heaviest and lightest people ever | date = 2009-09-24 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/6226095/Human-extremes-the-tallest-shortest-heaviest-and-lightest-people-ever.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090928173346/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/6226095/Human-extremes-the-tallest-shortest-heaviest-and-lightest-people-ever.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2009-09-28 | work = The Telegraph | access-date = 2013-05-26}}</ref><ref name='2012-06-21 TT'>{{cite news | first1 = Conrad | last1 = Quilty-Harper |first2= Andrew |last2= Blenkinsop | first3= David| last3= Kinross |first4= Dan |last4= Palmer | title = The world's fattest countries: how do you compare? | date = 2012-06-21 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/9345086/The-worlds-fattest-countries-how-do-you-compare.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120621112904/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/9345086/The-worlds-fattest-countries-how-do-you-compare.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-06-21 | work = The Telegraph | access-date = 2013-05-26}}</ref>

====Organs====
Adult [[brain size]] varies from {{convert|974.9|cm3|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1498.1|cm3|abbr=on}} in females and {{convert|1052.9|cm3|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1498.5|cm3|abbr=on}} in males, with the average being {{convert|1130|cm3|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1260|cm3|abbr=on}}, respectively.<ref name="refCosgrove">{{cite journal | last = Cosgrove| first = KP|author2=Mazure CM|author3=Staley JK| title = Evolving Knowledge of Sex Differences in Brain Structure, Function and Chemistry| year = 2007| journal = Biol Psychiatry| volume = 62| pages = 847–55| pmid = 17544382| doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001| issue = 8| pmc = 2711771}}</ref><ref name="refAllen">{{cite journal| last = Allen| first = JS|author2=Damasio H |author3=Grabowski TJ | title = Normal neuroanatomical variation in the human brain: An MRI-volumetric study| journal = Am J Phys Anthropol| year = 2002| volume = 118| pages = 341–58 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.10092| url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/96515947/abstract | archive-url = https://archive.today/20110426044849/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/96515947/abstract | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2011-04-26 | pmid = 12124914 | issue = 4| url-access = subscription}}</ref> The right [[cerebral hemisphere]] is typically larger than the left, whereas the [[cerebellar hemispheres]] are typically of more similar size.

Size of the human [[stomach]] varies significantly in adults, with one study showing volumes ranging from {{convert|520|cm3|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1536|cm3|abbr=on}} and weights ranging from {{convert|77|g}} to {{convert|453|g}}.<ref name='Cox 1945'>{{cite journal | title = Variations in size of the human stomach | journal = California and Western Medicine | year = 1945 | first = Alvin J. | last = Cox | volume = 63 | issue = 6 | pages = 267–268 | pmid=18747178 | pmc=1473711}}</ref>

[[Human male reproductive system|Male]] and [[Human female reproductive system|female genitalia]] exhibit considerable individual variation, with [[Human penis size|penis size]] differing substantially<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65682-9|author1-link=Hunter Wessells| last1 = Wessells | first1 = H. | last2 = Lue | first2 = T. F. | last3 = McAninch | first3 = J. W. | title = Penile length in the flaccid and erect states: Guidelines for penile augmentation | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 156 | issue = 3 | pages = 995–997 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8709382}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last1 = Chen | first1 = J.| last2 = Gefen | first2 = A.| last3 = Greenstein | first3 = A.| last4 = Matzkin | first4 = H.| last5 = Elad | first5 = D.| title = Predicting penile size during erection| journal = International Journal of Impotence Research| volume = 12| issue = 6| pages = 328–333| year = 2000| pmid = 11416836| doi = 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900627| doi-access = free}}</ref> and [[Human vaginal size|vaginal size]] differing significantly in healthy adults.<ref name='XXS 2013-04-01'>{{cite journal | title = The average human vagina | journal = Double X Science | date = 2013-04-01 | first = Jenny | last = Morber | url = http://www.doublexscience.org/the-average-human-vagina/ | access-date = 2013-05-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181104182401/http://www.doublexscience.org/the-average-human-vagina/ | archive-date = 2018-11-04 | url-status = dead }}</ref>