Editing Anti-Russian sentiment (section)

=== 18th and 19th centuries ===
[[File:March of Russian barbarity and cholera epidemic to Europe (French allegory).PNG|thumb|upright=1.35|1831 French engraving "Barbarism and Cholera enter Europe. Polish people fight, the powers make the protocols and France..." by [[Denis Auguste Marie Raffet]], depicting Russian suppression of the [[November Uprising]] in Poland in 1831.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lloyd S. Kramer |title=Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uQ6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT283 |year=2000|page=283|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807862674}}</ref>]]
[[File:Puck magazine, 1903 April 22.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A 1903 [[Puck (magazine)|Puck]] llustration depicting a large bear wearing a crown labeled "Russia" clutching a diminutive [[Émile Loubet]] labeled "France" as an explosion sends clouds of smoke labeled "Balkan Trouble" billowing skyward]]

On 19 October 1797, the [[French Directory]] received a document from a Polish general, [[Michał Sokolnicki]], entitled "Aperçu sur la Russie". This forgery is known as the so-called "[[The Will of Peter the Great]]" and was first published in October 1812, during the [[Napoleonic wars]], in Charles Louis-Lesur's much-read ''Des progrès de la puissance russe'': this was at the behest of [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]], who ordered a series of articles to be published showing that "Europe is inevitably in the process of becoming booty for Russia".<ref>{{cite book|last=Neumann|first=Iver B.|chapter=Europe's post-Cold War memory of Russia: cui bono?|title=Memory and power in post-war Europe: studies in the presence of the past |editor-first=Jan-Werner |editor-last=Müller|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2002|page=132|isbn=978-0-5210-0070-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOsSG0K8hCYC&pg=PA132}}</ref><ref name=mcnally>{{cite journal|last=McNally|first=Raymond T.|title=The Origins of Russophobia in France: 1812–1830|journal=American Slavic and East European Review|volume=17|issue=2|pages=173–189|date=April 1958 |doi=10.2307/3004165|jstor=3004165}}</ref> Subsequent to the Napoleonic wars, propaganda against Russia was continued by Napoleon's former confessor, [[Dominique-Georges-Frédéric Dufour de Pradt|Dominique Georges-Frédéric de Pradt]], who in a series of books portrayed Russia as a power-grasping "barbaric" power hungry to conquer Europe.{{sfnp|Neumann|2002|p=133}} With reference to Russia's new constitutional laws in 1811 the [[Savoy]]ard philosopher [[Joseph de Maistre]] wrote the now famous statement: "Every nation gets the government it deserves" ("Toute nation a le gouvernement qu'elle mérite").<ref name="Latham1906">{{cite book|last=Latham|first=Edward|title=Famous Sayings and Their Authors: A Collection of Historical Sayings in English, French, German, Greek, Italian, and Latin |url=https://archive.org/details/famoussayingsan00lathgoog|year=1906|publisher=Swan Sonnenschein|page=[https://archive.org/details/famoussayingsan00lathgoog/page/n200 181]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Bartlett's Roget's Thesaurus|date=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8yVAC8CtO4C|publisher=Little Brown & Company|isbn=9780316735872}}</ref>

Beginning from 1815 and lasting roughly until 1840, British commentators began criticizing the perceived conservatism of the Russian state and its resistance to reform efforts.<ref name="RussophobiaInGB">{{cite book|author1=John Howes Gleason|title=The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain: A Study of the Interaction of Policy and Opinion|date=5 February 1950|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=9780674281097|pages=16–56|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.16696 |language=English}}</ref> In 1836, [[The Westminster Review]] attributed growth of British navy to "Ministers [that] are smitten with the epidemic disease of Russo-phobia".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Westminster Review, Volume 25 |date=April–July 1836 |publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy |page=276 |chapter=Art. XII. State of politics in 1836 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOJMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA276}}</ref> However, Russophobia in Britain for the rest of the 19th century was primarily related to British fears that the [[Russian conquest of Central Asia]] was a precursor to an attack on [[British Raj|British-colonized India]]. These fears led to the "[[Great Game]]", a series of political and diplomatic confrontations between Britain and Russia during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>Barbara Jelavich, ''St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974'' (1974) p. 200</ref>

In 1843 the [[Marquis de Custine]] published his hugely successful 1800-page, four-volume travelogue ''[[La Russie en 1839]]''. Custine's scathing narrative reran what were by now clichés which presented Russia as a place where "the veneer of European civilization was too thin to be credible". Such was its huge success that several official and pirated editions quickly followed, as well as condensed versions and translations in German, Dutch, and English. By 1846 approximately 200 thousand copies had been sold.<ref>Fisher, David C. "Russia and the Crystal Palace 1851" in ''Britain, the Empire, and the World at the Great Exhibition of 1851'' ed. Jeffery A. Auerbach & Peter H. Hoffenberg. Ashgate, 2008: pp. 123–124.</ref>

In 1867, [[Fyodor Tyutchev]], a Russian poet, diplomat and member of [[His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery]], introduced the actual term of "russophobia" in a letter to his daughter Anna Aksakova on 20 September 1867,{{citation needed|date=July 2022|reason=Claims that the term was introduced three decades after its use been documented in The Westminster Review. Might be referring to use in Russian – a source needed.}} where he applied it to a number of pro-Western [[Liberalism in Russia|Russian liberals]] who, pretending that they were merely following their [[Liberalism|liberal]] principles, developed a negative attitude towards their own country and always stood on a pro-Western and anti-Russian position, regardless of any changes in the Russian society and having a blind eye on any violations of these principles in the West, "violations in the sphere of justice, morality, and even civilization". He put the emphasis on the [[irrationality]] of this sentiment.<ref name="Shirinyants">Ширинянц А.А., Мырикова А.В. «Внутренняя» русофобия и «польский вопрос» в России XIX в. Проблемный анализ и государственно-управленческое проектирование. № 1 (39) / том 8 / 2015. С. 16</ref> Tyutchev saw Western anti-Russian sentiment as the result of misunderstanding caused by [[East–West dichotomy|civilizational differences between East and West]].<ref>Ширинянц А.А., Мырикова А.В. «Внутренняя» русофобия и «польский вопрос» в России XIX в. Проблемный анализ и государственно-управленческое проектирование. № 1 (39) / том 8 / 2015. С. 15</ref>