Editing Apocalypticism (section)

==Abrahamic religions==
===Christianity===
{{Main|Apocalyptic literature|Christian eschatology|Second Coming}}
{{Further|False prophet#Christianity|Jesus and Messianic prophecy|List of messiah claimants|List of people who claim to be Jesus Christ|Predictions and claims for the Second Coming of Christ|Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions}}
[[File:De Grebber-God Inviting Christ to Sit on the Throne at His Right Hand.jpg|thumb|270px|right|''[[God the Father|God]] Inviting [[Jesus in Christianity|Christ]] to Sit on the Throne at [[Right hand of God|His Right Hand]]'', painting by [[Pieter de Grebber]] (1645). The [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] is visible as a [[dove]] at the top of the image.]]

Most scholars participating in the [[Quest for the historical Jesus#Third quest|third quest]] for the [[historical Jesus]] believe that Jesus was an eschatological prophet who believed the "[[Kingdom of God]]" was coming within his own lifetime or within the lifetime of his contemporaries.<ref>[[Gerd Theissen|Theissen, Gerd]] and [[Annette Merz]]. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). Chapter 1. The quest of the historical Jesus. pp. 1–15.</ref><ref>[[Bart Ehrman|Ehrman, Bart D.]]. ''Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium.'' Oxford. 1999. p. 127.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Meier |first=John P. |author-link=John P. Meier |date=1999 |title=The Present State of the 'Third Quest' for the Historical Jesus: Loss and Gain |url=https://www.bsw.org/biblica/vol-80-1999/the-present-state-of-the-145-third-quest-146-for-the-historical-jesus-loss-and-gain/333/article-p482.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |journal=[[Biblica (journal)|Biblica]] |volume=80 |page=482 }}</ref> Simultaneously, some of these scholars tend to see Jesus's predictions as mistaken<ref name = "Sanders 13">Sanders, E. P. The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. Chapter 13, The Coming of the Kingdom.</ref> although some others view it from the perspective of the conditional nature of judgement prophecy.<ref>Christopher Hays. ''When the Son of Man Didn't Come.'' Fortress Press 2017.</ref><ref>Mark Keown. "An Imminent Parousia and Christian Mission: Did the New Testament Writers Really Expect Jesus's Imminent Return?" in ''Christian Origins and the Establishment of the Early Jesus Movement'', Brill 2017, pp. 242–263</ref> A number of interpretations of the term "Kingdom of God" have thus appeared in its [[Eschatology|eschatological context]], e.g., apocalyptic, [[Realized eschatology|realized]] or [[Inaugurated eschatology|inaugurated]] eschatologies, yet no consensus has emerged among scholars.<ref>''Familiar Stranger: An Introduction to Jesus of Nazareth'' by Michael James McClymond (2004) pp. 77-79</ref><ref>Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research by Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans (1998) pp. 255-257</ref> The major focus for Jesus's eschatological teachings in the Gospels is the [[Olivet Discourse]] in [[Mark 13]], where "Jesus speaks as if Peter, James, and John will personally experience the [[parousia]]."<ref name="eue">John-Christian Eurell. "The Delay of the Parousia and the Changed Function of Eschatological Language". Journal of Early Christian History 2020.</ref> In the [[Gospel of Matthew]], the major focus for Jesus's eschatological teachings is in [[Matthew 24|Matthew]] {{bibleverse-nb|Matthew|24:36-51|NRSV}}. Many scholars point to Jesus' association with [[John the Baptist]] as confirmation for his apocalyptic intentions.<ref>According to [[Bart Ehrman]], John's preparation for the end through baptismal forgiveness of sins is comparable to the sentiments of other apocalyptic movements of the late [[Second Temple period]]. Ehrman argues that in the [[synoptic Gospels]], where Jesus is deliberate in beginning his preaching with [[John the Baptist]], this is a reflection on the nature of his apocalyptic ministry.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |title=The New Testament: a historical introduction to the early Christian writings |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195322590 |edition=4th |location=New York |oclc=83758783}}</ref>

[[Paul the Apostle]] states in [[Pauline epistles|his letters]] to the [[Early Christianity|early Christian communities]] in [[Asia Minor]] that he expects to be alive when the [[End times|end of the world]] comes, and this passage in [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|1 Thessalonians]] {{bibleverse-nb|1 Thessalonians|4:13-18|NRSV}} is often cited as proof, although its interpretation is disputed.<ref>J Andrew Doole. "Did Paul Really Think He Wasn't Going to Die? Paul, the Parousia, and the First Person Plural in 1 Thess 4:13–18". Novum Testamentum 2020.</ref> In contrast, other passages in the Pauline epistles are seen as describing the nearness of the ''parousia'' whether or not Paul himself will live to see it.<ref name="eue" /> However, these statements find tensions with other New Testament passages, conflicting with texts which form the basis for later Christian apocalyptic theology. This includes a passage from the apocalyptic discourse of Matthew 24, where Jesus states "only the Father" knows of the hour of the coming of the [[Son of Man]]. While later Christians favor Matthew 24 over Mark 13, modern critical scholars recognize this contradiction as evidence of shifting Christian belief. This is a shift that suggests the apocalyptic moment will occur at a later date, not in the lifetime of [[Apostles of Jesus|Jesus' followers]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D.|title=The New Testament: a historical introduction to the early Christian writings |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532259-0 |oclc=673218782}}</ref> On the other hand, [[N.T. Wright]] observes that Paul's eschatology develops in his later epistles, after turbulent experiences in [[Ephesus]], that he would probably not see the Second Coming in his lifetime. Wright argues that this shift was due to perspective and not belief.<ref>[[N.T. Wright]] (2018), ''Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay,'' page 58, University of St. Andrews</ref>

This view, generally known as "consistent eschatology", was influential during the early to the mid-20th century and continues to be influential today in [[Historicity of Jesus|proposed portraits of the historical Jesus]]. However, [[C. H. Dodd]] and others have insisted on a "realized eschatology", based on the belief that the [[ministry of Jesus]] had fulfilled prophetic hopes. Many conservative scholars have adopted the paradoxical position that the "Kingdom of God" describes a kingdom that is both "present" and "still to come", claiming Pauline eschatology as support.<ref name="Geddert">{{cite book |last1=Geddert |first1=T. J. |editor1-last=Green |editor1-first=Joel B. |editor2-last=McKnight |editor2-first=Scot |editor3-last=Marshall |editor3-first=I. Howard |title=Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship |date=1992 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |location=Downers Grove, Illinois |isbn=978-0-8308-1777-1 |chapter=Apocalyptic Teaching}}</ref>{{rp|208–209}}<ref>According to [[N.T. Wright]], "the kingdom ''has already'' come with power, when Jesus was raised from the dead..." "The notion of God's already-launched kingdom appears explicitly in Rom 5:12-21, setting the tone for the whole of chapters 6, 7, and 8. The "reign" of death is contrasted in Rom 5:19 with the "reign" of "those who receive the abundance of grace;" and then, in v.21, with the reign of grace that has been inaugurated through Jesus." According to Wright, "these are clearly ''present'' realities with ''future'' consequences."</ref><ref>N.T. Wright Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay. Early Christianity 2018 pp.59-60.</ref> While the notion of an apocalyptic Jesus remains a mainstream view among scholars, it has been challenged by proponents of other portraits. Scholars of the [[Jesus Seminar]] have rejected the historicity of Jesus' apocalyptic expectations, arguing that the evidence for it in the Gospels is largely tied to the discourses of Jesus on the "Son of Man", which they do not consider to be historical; they further attribute the apocalyptic expectations of the [[Early Christianity|early Church]] as emerging from their belief in the [[resurrection of Jesus]], where resurrection was tied to [[Jewish eschatology|eschatological expectations in Jewish theology]].<ref>John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1991), 227–60.</ref><ref>Marcus Borg, "A Temperate Case for a Non-eschatological Jesus," Forum, 2 (1986), pp. 81–102.</ref> Some argued that the earlier traditions in the [[Q Source]] and [[Gospel of Thomas]] showed that apocalyptic eschatology was not present in earlier layers of the Jesus tradition.<ref>Stephen J. Patterson, "The End of Apocalypse: Rethinking the Eschatological Jesus," Theology Today 52 (1995): 29–58</ref> The approach by the Jesus Seminar is not short of many critics.<ref>Dale C. Allison, Constructing Jesus: Memory, Imagination, and History (London: SPCK, 2010), 116–136</ref>

[[File:Second Coming by G.Klontzas (16th c.).jpg|thumb|300px|left|''[[The Last Judgment (Klontzas)|The Last Judgment]]'', Eastern Orthodox icon on the Second Coming of Christ by [[Georgios Klontzas]] (c. 1580–1608), [[Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies in Venice|Hellenic Institute of Venice]], Italy]]
Recent scholarship has re-evaluated the apocalyptic ideas in the early Christian gospels not as a literal timetable or prediction of the end times, but as relating to the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destruction of the Jewish Temple]] in 70 AD, and the wider cosmic importance that the Temple had for Jews that would warrant apocalyptic language among [[Jewish diaspora|diasporic Jewish communities]] in the [[Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman Empire]].<ref>N. T. Wright, Jesus and the Victory of God (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996), pp. 329–365</ref><ref name="Green, J.B. 2018">Green, J.B., Brown, J., & Perrin, N. (2018). ''Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship''. IVP.</ref><ref>Kinman, B. (1999). ''Parousia, Jesus "A-Triumphal" Entry, and the Fate of Jerusalem.'' Journal of Biblical Literature, 118(2), 279-294,</ref> For ancient Jews, the Temple was treated as a symbolic or even literal meeting point between Heaven and Earth, thereby its destruction would have wider cosmic consequences. Similarly, apocalyptic language was used throughout the [[Hebrew Bible]] to describe political and historical catastrophes, and not the end of the world.<ref>J.E. Goldingay, ''Daniel'' (Dallas, Tex.: Word, 1989), 137-193</ref><ref>J.J. Collins, ''Daniel'', (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993), 274-324</ref><ref>[[N.T. Wright]] (2018), ''Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay'', page 51-52, University of St. Andrews</ref><ref>J. Klawans, ''Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 111-144</ref> Thus, scholars such as [[R.T. France]] and [[N.T. Wright]] argue that the Gospels use apocalyptic language borrowed from the [[Old Testament]] to describe the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD, and passages such as [[Mark 13|Mark]] {{bibleverse-nb|Mark|13:26|NRSV}} concerning the "coming" of the Son of Man (as described in [[Daniel 7]]) are not about the [[Second Coming]], but rather about the vindication and enthronement of the Son of Man at the [[Right Hand of God]], where he is bestowed new authority with the Temple's destruction.<ref>[[R. T. France]], The Gospel of Mark, New International Greek Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002), 498–543</ref><ref>[[N. T. Wright]], Jesus and the Victory of God (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996), pp. 329–365</ref> This interpretation goes back to the 18th-century scholar [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]] that the "coming of the Son of Man" sayings in [[Matthew 24]], for example, were allegory for God's judgement on the Jews for [[Rejection of Jesus|their rejection of Jesus as the Messiah]] and not his Second Coming, which is instead the subject in [[Matthew 25]] for the far future.<ref>[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/matthew/24.htm Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible] on Matthew 24, accessed 19 February 2017</ref> Wright argues specifically that the apocalyptic imagery in Mark 13 was written as a vindication of Jesus, since "in some sense he is himself seen by the evangelists as the true temple."<ref>[[N.T. Wright]], ''Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay''. Early Christianity 2018 pp.78-79.</ref> Similarly, these and other scholars argue for a "now and not yet" approach to the Kingdom of God in the Gospels and Pauline epistles.<ref name="Green, J.B. 2018"/><ref>[[N.T. Wright]], ''Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay''. Early Christianity 2018 pp.59-60.</ref>

Various Christian eschatological systems have developed among different [[Christian denominations]] throughout the [[history of Christianity]], providing different frameworks for understanding the timing and nature of apocalyptic predictions.<ref>Goldsworthy, G. [http://www.beginningwithmoses.org/library/gospelrevelation.htm "The Gospel in Revelation – Gospel and Apocalypse"] 
{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013045849/http://beginningwithmoses.org/library/gospelrevelation.htm |date=2006-10-13 }}, Paternoster Press, 1994, {{ISBN|0-85364-630-9}}.</ref> Some like [[dispensational premillennialism]] tend more toward an apocalyptic vision, while others like [[postmillennialism]] and [[amillennialism]], while teaching that the end of the world could come at any moment, tend to focus on the present life and contend that one should not attempt to predict when the end should come, though there have been exceptions such as postmillennialist [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]], who estimated that the end times would occur around the year 2000.<ref>Tattersall, L. [http://perspective.org.au/sermonseries/84/revelation---letters-from-heaven "Letters from heaven – Bible talks from the book of Revelation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819202030/http://perspective.org.au/sermonseries/84/revelation---letters-from-heaven |date=2006-08-19 }}, Perspective Vol. 10 No. 3&4, 2003.</ref>

====Year 1000====
{{Main|List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events}}
{{Further|Early Middle Ages#Europe in 1000}}
[[File:Europe 1000.jpg|thumb|270px|upright|[[Western Europe]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Kievan Rus']], and the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the [[Middle Ages]] (year 1000)]]

There is no current consensus among historians about widespread apocalypticism in the [[year 1000]]. Richard Landes, Johannes Fried, and others think there were widespread expectations, both hopes and fears.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Landes|first=Richard|date=2000|title=The Fear of an Apocalyptic Year 1000: Augustinian Historiography, Medieval and Modern|journal=Speculum|volume=75|issue=1|pages=97–145|doi=10.2307/2887426|jstor=2887426|s2cid=162710417|issn=0038-7134}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Duby|first=Georges|title=L'An Mil|date=1980|publisher=Gallimard|isbn=2-07-032774-4|location=[Paris]|oclc=28185855}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wagar|first=W. Warren|date=1991|title=Hillel Schwartz. Century's End: A Cultural History of the Fin de Siècle from the 990s through the 1990s. New York: Doubleday. 1990. pp. 395. |journal=The American Historical Review|volume=96|issue=4|pages=1149|doi=10.1086/ahr/96.4.1149|issn=0002-8762}}</ref> The notion of a widespread expectation of the year 1000 first appeared during the Renaissance.<ref name=":0" /> Historians denounced it as a myth around 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burr|first=George Lincoln|date=1901|title=The Year 1000 and the Antecedents of the Crusades|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=6|issue=3|pages=429–439|doi=10.2307/1833508|jstor=1833508|issn=0002-8762}}</ref>

There are many recorded instances of both fascination with the advent of the year 1000, and examples of apocalyptic excitement leading up to the year 1000, the most explicit and revealing examples provided by [[Rodulfus Glaber]].

Specifically in Western Europe, during the year 1000, Christian philosophers held many debates on when Jesus was actually born and the debates continue to today.<ref name="Castro Contributor 2014">{{cite web | last=Castro | first=Joseph | title=When Was Jesus Born? | website=[[Live Science]] | date=2014-01-30 | url=https://www.livescience.com/42976-when-was-jesus-born.html | access-date=2019-05-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620184534/https://www.livescience.com/42976-when-was-jesus-born.html | archive-date=2019-06-20 | url-status=live }}</ref>  This caused confusion between the common people on whether or not the apocalypse would occur at a certain time.  Because both literate and illiterate people commonly accepted this idea of the apocalypse, they could only accept what they heard from religious leaders on when the disastrous event would occur.  Religious leader [[Abbo of Fleury]] believed that Jesus was born 21 years after year 1 which was commonly accepted by close circles of his followers. Abbot [[Heriger of Lobbes]], argued that the birth of Jesus occurred not during the year 1 but rather during the 42nd year of the common era. Eventually many scholars came to accept that the apocalypse would occur sometime between 979–1042.<ref name="Mario1000">{{cite journal |last1=Baghos |first1=Mario |title=Apocalypticism, the Year 1000, and the Medieval Roots of the Ecological Crisis |journal=Literature & Aesthetics |date=2006 |volume=26 |pages=83–102 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312057952 |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref> Under the influence of the [[Sibylline Oracles]] and figures such as [[Otto III]] and Abbot [[Adso of Montier-en-Der]] many felt that the apocalypse would soon occur.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Some historians, such as [[Richard Landes]], think there were extensive apocalyptic expectations at the approach of the year 1000 and again at the approach of 1000 ''anno passionis'' (1033).<ref name="JSTORapoc1">{{cite journal | journal=Speculum | volume=75 | issue=1 | pages=97–145 | jstor=2887426 | last1=Landes | first1=Richard | s2cid=162710417 | title=The Fear of an Apocalyptic Year 1000: Augustinian Historiography, Medieval and Modern | year=2000 | doi=10.2307/2887426 | url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a0/3e96863a38b7488d430a5548999c31ef06da.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215021330/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a0/3e96863a38b7488d430a5548999c31ef06da.pdf | archive-date=2020-02-15 }}</ref> [[Alessandro Barbero]], on the other hand, claims that the fear of the year 1000 is a myth and there was no widespread apocalyptic sentiment. As evidence, he cites that on 31 December 999 Pope [[Pope Sylvester II|Sylvester II]] granted certain privileges and guarantees to the [[Princely Abbey of Fulda|Abbey of Fulda]], without any indication that either the pope or the abbot believed that the world was soon to end. Similarly, Barbero points out a document from 3 October 999 in which [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] grants future concessions to [[Farfa Abbey]]. Another document in 999 shows two brothers taking a 29-year loan on lands of the abbey of San Marciano in Tortona, suggesting that even common people did not believe the world was ending.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barbero|first=Alessandro|title=Medioevo: storia di voci, racconto di immagini|date=2015|publisher=GLF editori Laterza|others=Chiara Frugoni|isbn=978-88-581-1929-7|location=Roma|oclc=928760127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-09|title=Alessandro Barbero, storico di SuperQuark, e la paura dell'anno mille (che non c'è mai stata)|url=https://www.documentazione.info/alessandro-barbero-storico-di-superquark-e-la-paura-dellanno-mille-che-non-ce-mai-stata|access-date=2021-05-11|website=documentazione.info|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=InStoria – La paura dell'anno mille|url=http://www.instoria.it/home/paura_anno_mille_medioevo.htm|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.instoria.it}}</ref> On the other hand, the fact that Otto III visited the tomb of Charlemagne, the emperor of the year 6000 (Annus Mundi) on Pentecost of the year 1000 suggests that even the man who appointed Sylvester pope, had his own views on the matter.

====Fifth Monarchy Men====
{{Main|Fifth Monarchists}}

The Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men were an extreme [[Puritans|Puritan]] sect<ref name="vecono" >{{cite news|title=Pepys and Evelyn, chroniclers of the English Renaissance|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21727878-two-diarists-who-painted-most-vivid-portrait-17th-century-england-pepys-and-evelyn|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=31 Aug 2017|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215043148/https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21727878-two-diarists-who-painted-most-vivid-portrait-17th-century-england-pepys-and-evelyn|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>  active from 1649 to 1660 during the [[Interregnum (England)|Interregnum]], following the [[English Civil War]]s of the 17th century.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/politicalactivi02browgoog ''Fifth Monarchy Men: Study in Seventeenth Century English Millenarianism'' by Bernard Capp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624204501/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnMaAAAAMAAJ&dq=Fifth+Monarchists&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2019-06-24 }} {{ISBN|0-571-09791-X}}</ref> They took their name from a prophecy in the [[Book of Daniel]] that [[Four monarchies|four ancient monarchies]] (Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian, and Roman) would precede the kingdom of [[Christ]]. They also referred to the year 1666 and its relationship to the biblical [[Number of the beast|Number of the Beast]] indicating the end of earthly rule by carnal human beings. They were one of a number of [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] [[English Dissenters|dissenting groups]] that emerged around this time.

====Isaac Newton and the end of the world in 2060====
{{Main|Isaac Newton's occult studies}}

In late February and early March 2003, a large amount of media attention circulated around the globe regarding largely unknown and unpublished documents, evidently written by Isaac Newton, indicating that he believed the world would end no earlier than 2060. The story garnered vast amounts of public interest and found its way onto the front page of several widely distributed newspapers, including the UK's ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', Canada's ''[[National Post]]'', and Israel's ''[[Maariv]]'' and ''[[Yediot Aharonot]]'', and was also featured in an article in the scientific journal ''[[Canadian Journal of History]]''.<ref name="Snobelen">{{cite journal | last = Snobelen | first = Stephen D | title = A time and times and the dividing of time: Isaac Newton, the Apocalypse and A.D. 2060 | journal = The Canadian Journal of History | volume = 38 (December 2003) | pages = 537–551 | url = http://www.isaac-newton.org/newton_2060.htm | access-date = 15 August 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825070542/http://www.isaac-newton.org/newton_2060.htm | archive-date = 25 August 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The two documents detailing this prediction are currently housed within the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem.<ref name="Snobelen" /> Both were believed to be written toward the end of Newton's life, circa 1705, a time frame most notably established by the use of the full title of ''Sir'' Isaac Newton within portions of the documents.

These documents do not appear to have been written with the intention of publication and Newton expressed a strong personal dislike for individuals who provided specific dates for the [[Apocalypse]] purely for sensational value. Furthermore, he at no time provides a specific date for the end of the world in either of these documents.<ref name="Snobelen" /> See [[Isaac Newton's religious views]] for more details.

The first document, part of the Yahuda collection,<ref>Yahuda MS 7.3o, f. 8r</ref> is a small letter slip, on the back of which is written haphazardly in Newton's hand:
{{Blockquote|
Prop. 1. The 2300 prophetick days did not commence before the rise of the little horn of the He Goat.

2 Those day {{sic}} did not commence a[f]ter the destruction of Jerusalem & ye Temple by the Romans A.[D.] 70.

3 The time times & half a time did not commence before the year 800 in wch the Popes supremacy commenced

4 They did not commence after the re[ig]ne of [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory the 7th]]. 1084

5 The 1290 days did not commence b[e]fore the year 842.

6 They did not commence after the reigne of Pope Greg. 7th. 1084

7 The diffence {{sic}} between the 1290 & 1335 days are a parts of the seven weeks.

Therefore the 2300 years do not end before ye year 2132 nor after 2370.
The time times & half time do n[o]t end before 2060 nor after [2344]
The 1290 days do not begin [this should read: end] before 2090 nor after 1374 [sic; Newton probably
means 2374]<ref name="Snobelen" />
}}

The second reference to the 2060 prediction can be found in a folio,<ref>Yahuda MS 7.3g, f.
13v</ref> in which Newton writes:
{{Blockquote|So then the time times & half a time are 42 months or 1260 days or three years & an half, recconing twelve months to a yeare & 30 days to a month as was done in the Calendar of the primitive year. And the days of short lived Beasts being put for the years of lived [sic for "long lived"] kingdoms, the period of 1260 days, if dated from the complete conquest of the three kings A.C. 800, will end A.C. 2060. It may end later, but I see no reason for its ending sooner. This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fancifull men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, & by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail. Christ comes as a thief in the night, & it is not for us to know the times & seasons wch God hath put into his own breast.<ref name="Snobelen" />}}

Newton may not have been referring to the post 2060 event as a destructive act resulting in the annihilation of the globe and its inhabitants, but rather one in which he believed the world, as he saw it, was to be replaced with a new one based upon a transition to an era of divinely inspired peace. In Christian and [[Islamic theology]] this concept is often referred to as The [[Second Coming]] of [[Jesus Christ]] and the establishment of the Kingdom of God on Earth.  In a separate manuscript,<ref name="Snobelen 2001 pp. 95-118">{{cite book | last=Snobelen | first=S. | title=Millenarianism and Messianism in Early Modern European Culture | chapter="The Mystery of this Restitution of All Things": Isaac Newton on the Return of the Jews | date=2001 | doi=10.1007/978-94-017-2282-7_7 | pages=95–118| isbn=9789048156641 }}</ref> Isaac Newton paraphrases Revelation 21 and 22 and relates the post 2060 events by writing:
{{Blockquote|A new heaven & new earth. New Jerusalem comes down from heaven prepared as a Bride adorned for her husband. The marriage supper. God dwells with men wipes away all tears from their eyes, gives them of ye fountain of living water & creates all thin things new saying, It is done. The glory & felicity of the New Jerusalem is represented by a building of Gold & Gemms enlightened by the glory of God & ye [[Lamb of God|Lamb]] & watered by ye river of Paradise on ye banks of which grows the [[tree of life#Christianity|tree of life]]. Into this city the kings of the earth do bring their glory & that of the nations & the saints reign for ever & ever.<ref name="Snobelen" />
}}

====Millerism and The Great Disappointment====
{{Main|Great Disappointment|Millerism}}
[[File:William Miller.jpg|thumb|200px|Preacher [[William Miller (preacher)|William Miller]], who [[Millerism|led his followers]] to the [[Great Disappointment]] of 1844]]

The Great Disappointment in the [[Millerites|Millerite movement]] was the reaction that followed [[Baptist]] preacher [[William Miller (preacher)|William Miller]]'s proclamations that [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] would return to the Earth by 1844, what he called the [[Advent]]. His study of the [[Daniel 8]] prophecy during the [[Second Great Awakening]] led him to the conclusion that Daniel's "cleansing of the sanctuary" was cleansing of the world from sin when Christ would come, and he and many others prepared, but October 22, 1844 came and they were disappointed.<ref name="news.adventist.org">{{cite web|url=https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/-/seventh-day-adventist-church-emerged-from-religious-fervor-of-19th-century/|title=Seventh-day Adventist Church emerged from religious fervor of 19th Century|date=4 October 2016|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822071608/https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/-/seventh-day-adventist-church-emerged-from-religious-fervor-of-19th-century/|archive-date=22 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pbs.orgmillerite">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/explanation/amprophesy.html|title=Apocalypticism Explained – Apocalypse! Frontline|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122215717/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/explanation/amprophesy.html|archive-date=22 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="amazingdiscoveries.org">{{cite web|url=http://amazingdiscoveries.org/S-deception-Great-Disappointment_Advent_Miller|title=The Great Disappointment and the Birth of Adventism|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125123916/http://amazingdiscoveries.org/S-deception-Great-Disappointment_Advent_Miller|archive-date=25 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="adventistreview.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.adventistreview.org/church-news/great-disappointment-remembered-170-years-on|title=Adventist Review Online – Great Disappointment Remembered 170 Years On|date=23 October 2014 |access-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126033552/http://www.adventistreview.org/church-news/great-disappointment-remembered-170-years-on|archive-date=26 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

These events paved the way for the [[Adventism|Adventists]] who formed the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]]. They contended that what had happened on October 22 was not Jesus's return, as Miller had thought, but the start of Jesus's final work of atonement, the cleansing in the [[heavenly sanctuary]], leading up to the [[Second Coming of Christ]].<ref name="news.adventist.org"/><ref name="pbs.orgmillerite"/><ref name="amazingdiscoveries.org"/><ref name="adventistreview.org"/>

====Seventh-day Adventism====
{{Main|Seventh-day Adventist eschatology}}

The ideological descendants of the Millerites are the [[Seventh-day Adventists]]. They are a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christian denomination]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Queen |editor1-first=Edward L. |editor2-last=Prothero |editor2-first=Stephen R. |editor3-last=Shattuck |editor3-first=Gardiner H. |year=2018 |orig-date=2001 |title=Seventh-day Adventist Church |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-_6P2rMy2wC&q=%22adventist+church+is+a+protestant%22&pg=PA913 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Religious History |volume=3 |location=[[Boston]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |series=[[Facts On File]] |edition=4th |page=913 |isbn=978-1-4381-4186-2 |oclc=1090391391}}</ref> which is distinguished by its observance of [[Saturday]],<ref>More precisely, Friday sunset to Saturday sunset; see [http://biblicalresearch.gc.adventist.org/documents/sabbathbegin.pdf When Does Sabbath Begin?] on the Adventist website. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724224455/http://biblicalresearch.gc.adventist.org/documents/sabbathbegin.pdf |date=24 July 2011 }}</ref> the seventh [[day of the week]] in both the [[Jewish calendar]], and calendars in use in the Christian world (such as the [[Gregorian calendar]]), as the [[Sabbath in seventh-day churches|Sabbath]], and its emphasis on the imminent [[Second Coming]] (advent) of Jesus Christ. The denomination grew out of the [[Millerism|Millerite movement]] in the United States during the mid-19th century and it was formally established in 1863.<ref name="webhistory">{{cite web |title=Seventh-day Adventists – The Heritage Continues Along  |publisher=[[General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists]]  |url=http://www.adventist.org/world_church/facts_and_figures/history/index.html.en  |access-date=2007-01-17  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206202842/http://www.adventist.org/world_church/facts_and_figures/history/index.html.en  |archive-date=December 6, 2006  }}</ref> Among its founders was [[Ellen G. White]], whose [[List of Ellen G. White writings|extensive writings]] are still held in high regard by the adherents of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.<ref>Ronald L. Numbers, ''Prophetess of health: a study of Ellen G. White'' (3rd ed. 2008) pp. xxiii–xxiv</ref>

====Mormonism====
{{Main|Mormon cosmology|Second Coming in Mormonism|Apocalyptic beliefs among Latter-day Saints}}
{{Further|List of prophecies of Joseph Smith|Revelation in Mormonism}}

Like many 19th-century American [[Restorationism|Restorationist]] [[Christian denominations]], the [[Mormonism|Mormon tradition]] teaches that adherents are living shortly before the Second Coming of Christ.<ref name="Mormon Millenarian">{{cite book|last1=Underwood|first1=Grant|author-link1=Grant Underwood|title=The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism|date=1999|orig-date=1993|publisher=University of Illinois Press. See also "Chapter 7: Apocalyptic Adversaries: Mormonism Meets Millerism"|location=Urbana|pages=26–36, 49–51, 63–72, 112–126|isbn=978-0252068263|url=https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/48cbq6kr9780252068263.html|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513045007/https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/48cbq6kr9780252068263.html|archive-date=2019-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref> The term "latter days" is used in the official names of several Mormon churches, including [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. LDS president [[Wilford Woodruff]] preached multiple times that many then-living adherents "would not taste death" before witnessing the return of Christ.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Staker|editor1-first=Susan|title=Waiting for World's End: The Diaries of Wilford Woodruff|date=1993|publisher=Signature Books|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|isbn=978-0941214926|url=http://www.signaturebooks.com/product/waiting-for-worlds-end/|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624204452/http://www.signaturebooks.com/product/waiting-for-worlds-end/|archive-date=2019-06-24|url-status=live}}</ref> According to LDS Church teachings, the true [[gospel]] will be taught in all parts of the world prior to the Second Coming.<ref name="Matthew 24:14">[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/matt/24.14?lang=eng Matthew 24:14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715040141/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/matt/24.14?lang=eng |date=2019-07-15 }} KJV</ref> Church members believe that there will be increasingly severe wars, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other man-made and natural disasters prior to the Second Coming.<ref>{{Mormonverse|D&C|45:26}}</ref>

====Jehovah's Witnesses====
{{Main|Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs}}
{{Further|Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses|Unfulfilled Watch Tower Society predictions}}

The [[eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]] is central to [[Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs|their faith and religious beliefs]]. They believe that Jesus Christ has been ruling in heaven as king since 1914 (a date they believe was prophesied in Scripture), and that after that time a period of cleansing occurred, resulting in God's selection of the [[Bible Student movement|Bible Students]] associated with [[Charles Taze Russell]] to be his people in 1919. They also believe the destruction of those who reject their message<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Watchtower|title=The House-to-House Ministry – Why Important Now?|date=July 15, 2008|pages=5–6}}</ref> and thus willfully refuse to obey God<ref>''You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth'', Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, p. 155.</ref><ref>''Revelation – Its Grand Climax at Hand!'', Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, p. 6.</ref> will shortly take place at [[Armageddon#Jehovah.27s Witnesses|Armageddon]], ensuring that the beginning of the new earthly society will be composed of willing subjects of that kingdom.

The group's doctrines surrounding 1914 are the legacy of a series of emphatic claims regarding the years 1799,<ref name=indisputableJEHOVAH>''The Watchtower'', March 1, 1922, p. 73, "The indisputable facts, therefore, show that the 'time of the end' began in 1799; that the Lord's second presence began in 1874."</ref> 1874,<ref name=indisputableJEHOVAH /> 1878,<ref name="OurFaith1875JEHOVAH">{{cite journal |journal=The Herald of the Morning |title=Our Faith |url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1874-1876_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf |date=September 1875 |page=52 |access-date=2008-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512062421/http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1874-1876_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-12 }}</ref> 1914,<ref name="TheWatchtowerJEHOVAH">''The Watchtower'', [http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1894JUL.asp#R1677 July 15, 1894, p. 1677] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401210133/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1894JUL.asp#R1677 |date=April 1, 2019 }}: "We see no reason for changing the figures—nor could we change them if we would. They are, we believe, God's dates, not ours. But bear in mind that the end of 1914 is not the date for the beginning, but for the end of the time of trouble."</ref> 1918<ref name="SeptemberJEHOVAH">September 1, 1916 ''The Watchtower'', pp. [http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1916SEP.asp#Z264:2 264–265] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713214204/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1916SEP.asp#Z264:2 |date=2009-07-13 }}</ref> and 1925<ref name="MillionsNowJEHOVAH">''Millions Now Living Will Never Die'', 1920, p. 97, "Based upon the argument heretofore set forth, then, that the old order of things, the old world, is ending and is therefore passing away, and that the new order is coming in, and that 1925 shall mark the resurrection of the faithful worthies of old and the beginning of reconstruction, it is reasonable to conclude that millions of people now on the earth will be still on the earth in 1925. Then, based upon the promises set forth in the divine Word, we must reach the positive and indisputable conclusion that millions now living will never die."</ref> made in the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society's]] publications between 1879 and 1924. Claims about the significance of those years, including the presence of Jesus Christ, the beginning of the "[[Eschatology|last days]]", the destruction of worldly governments and the earthly resurrection of Jewish patriarchs, were successively abandoned.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Holden | first = Andrew | title = Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement | publisher = Routledge | year = 2002 | page = [https://archive.org/details/jehovahswitnesse00andr/page/n14 1] | isbn = 0-415-26609-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/jehovahswitnesse00andr | url-access = registration }}</ref> In 1922 the society's principal journal, ''[[The Watchtower|Watch Tower]]'', described its chronology as "no stronger than its weakest link", but also claimed the chronological relationships to be "of divine origin and divinely corroborated...in a class by itself, absolutely and unqualifiedly correct"<ref>"The Strong Cable of Chronology", ''Watch Tower'', July 15, 1922, p. 217, "The chronology of present truth is, to begin with, a string of dates... Thus far it is a chain, and no stronger than its weakest link. There exist, however, well established relationships among the dates of present-truth chronology. These internal connections of the dates impart a much greater strength than can be found in other [secular, archeological] chronologies. Some of them are of so remarkable a character as clearly to indicate that this chronology is not of man, but of God. Being of divine origin and divinely corroborated, present-truth chronology stands in a class by itself, absolutely and unqualifiedly correct."</ref> and "indisputable facts",<ref name=indisputableJEHOVAH /> while repudiation of Russell's teachings was described as "equivalent to a repudiation of the Lord".<ref>''The Watchtower'', May 1, 1922, p. 132, "To abandon or repudiate the Lord's chosen instrument means to abandon or repudiate the Lord himself, upon the principle that he who rejects the servant sent by the Master thereby rejects the Master. ... Brother Russell was the Lord's servant. Then to repudiate him and his work is equivalent to a repudiation of the Lord, upon the principle heretofore announced."</ref>

The Watch Tower Society has stated that its early leaders promoted "incomplete, even inaccurate concepts".<ref>''Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom'' (Watch Tower Society, 1993), chapter 10.</ref> The [[Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses]] says that, unlike [[Old Testament]] [[Prophet#Judaism|prophets]], its interpretations of the [[Bible]] are not [[Biblical inspiration|inspired]] or [[Biblical infallibility|infallible]].<ref>''Revelation – It's Grand Climax'', Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, p. 9.</ref><ref>{{Cite book| title = Reasoning From the Scriptures | year = 1985 | url = https://archive.org/details/reasoningfromscr00inte | url-access = registration | publisher = Watchtower Bible and Tract Society | chapter = False Prophets | page = [https://archive.org/details/reasoningfromscr00inte/page/n140 137]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = To Whom Shall We Go but Jesus Christ? | journal= Watchtower | date = March 1, 1979 | page = 23 }}</ref> [[Jehovah's Witnesses publications|Witness publications]] say that Bible prophecies can be fully understood only after their fulfillment, citing examples of biblical figures who did not understand the meaning of prophecies they received. Watch Tower publications often cite Proverbs 4:18, "The path of the righteous ones is like the bright light that is getting lighter and lighter until the day is firmly established" ([[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures|NWT]]) to support their view that there would be an increase in knowledge during "the time of the end", as mentioned in Daniel 12:4. Jehovah's Witnesses state that this increase in knowledge needs adjustments. Watch Tower publications also say that unfulfilled expectations are partly due to eagerness for [[God's Kingdom]] and that they do not call [[Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs|their core beliefs]] into question.<ref>Why have there been changes over the years in the teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses?,"Jehovah's Witnesses", ''Reasoning From the Scriptures'', 1989, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 205</ref><ref>"Allow No Place for the Devil!", ''The Watchtower'', March 15, 1986, p. 19</ref><ref>"Keep in Step With Jehovah's Organization", ''Watchtower'', January 15, 2001, p. 18.</ref>

====Christadelphians====
{{Main|Christadelphians}}

For Christadelphians, [[Armageddon]] marks the "great climax of history when the nations would be gathered together "into a place called in the Hebrew tongue [[Tel Megiddo|Armageddon]]", and the judgment on them would herald the setting up of the Kingdom of God."<ref>''The Christadelphian'': Vol. 107, 1970, pp. 555–556.</ref> After this Christadelphians believe that Jesus will return to the earth in person to set up the Kingdom of God in fulfilment of the promises made to [[Abraham]] and [[David (biblical king)|David]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Wilson | first =Shiela | title =The End of the World: Horror Story – or Bible Hope? | publisher =CMPA | location =Birmingham| url =http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/endworld.htm | access-date =2019-06-04 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20191009063250/http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/endworld.htm | archive-date =2019-10-09 | url-status =live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Scott | first =Malcolm | title =Christ is Coming Again! | publisher =Printland Publishers | location =Hyderabad | url =http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_coming.htm | isbn =81-87409-34-7 | access-date =2019-06-04 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20191009063325/http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_coming.htm | archive-date =2019-10-09 | url-status =live }}</ref> This includes the belief that the coming Kingdom will be the restoration of God's first Kingdom of Israel, which was under David and Solomon.<ref>{{cite book|last=Morgan |first=Tecwyn |title=Christ is Coming! Bible teaching about his return |publisher=CMPA |location=Birmingham, UK |url=http://www.thechristadelphian.com/pamphlets/standardseries/christiscoming.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112085508/http://www.thechristadelphian.com/pamphlets/standardseries/christiscoming.html |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Hughesdelph">{{cite book | last =Hughes | first =Stephen | title =The Kingdom of Heaven on Earth! | publisher =Printland Publishers | location =Hyderabad | url =http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_kingdom.htm | isbn =81-87409-55-X | access-date =2019-06-04 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20181017163744/http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_kingdom.htm | archive-date =2018-10-17 | url-status =live }}</ref><ref name="Owendelph">{{cite book|last=Owen |first=Stanley |title=The Kingdom of God on Earth: God's plan for the world |publisher=CMPA |location=Birmingham, UK |url=http://www.thechristadelphian.com/pamphlets/standardseries/kingdomofgod.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112084009/http://www.thechristadelphian.com/pamphlets/standardseries/kingdomofgod.html |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref> For Christadelphians, this is the focal point of the [[gospel]] taught by Jesus and the [[Twelve Apostles|apostles]].

====Realized eschatology====
{{Main|Realized eschatology}}

Realized eschatology is a [[Christian eschatology|Christian eschatological theory]] popularized by [[J. A. T. Robinson]], [[Joachim Jeremias]], [[Ethelbert Stauffer]] (1902–1979),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/13/13-1/13-1-pp053-063_jets.pdf |title=Charles M. Horne, "Eschatology: The Controlling Thematic in Theology," 60 |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803055217/https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/13/13-1/13-1-pp053-063_jets.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> and 
[[C. H. Dodd]] (1884–1973), that holds that the eschatological passages in the [[New Testament]] do not refer to the future, but instead refer to the [[ministry of Jesus]] and his lasting legacy.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Theology of the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC|page=56|author1=George Eldon Ladd|author1-link=George Eldon Ladd|author2=Donald Alfred Hagner|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|date=1993|isbn=0802806805|access-date=2019-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624204514/https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC&printsec=frontcover|archive-date=2019-06-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = McKim, Donald K. | date = 2014 | title = Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms | page = 106 | edition = 2nd | location = Louisville, KY | publisher = Presbyterian Publishing | isbn = 978-1611643862 | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1611643864 | access-date = April 3, 2017 }}</ref> [[Eschatology]] is therefore not the end of the world but its rebirth instituted by Jesus and continued by [[Disciple (Christianity)|his disciples]], a historical (rather than [[transhistorical]]) phenomenon. Those holding this view generally dismiss end times theories, believing them to be irrelevant; they hold that what Jesus said and did, and told his disciples to do likewise, are of greater significance than any [[Messiah|messianic]] expectations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bible.org/seriespage/22-johns-problem-jesus-luke-718-35 |title=John's Problem with Jesus |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603193234/https://bible.org/seriespage/22-johns-problem-jesus-luke-718-35 |archive-date=2019-06-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Harold Camping====
{{See also|2011 end times prediction}}

American Christian radio host [[Harold Camping]] stated that the [[Rapture]] and [[Last Judgment|Judgment Day]] would take place on May 21, 2011,<ref>{{cite news |title=A Conversation With Harold Camping, Prophesier of Judgment Day |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/05/a_conversation_with_harold_cam.html |newspaper=New York Magazine |date=May 11, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518220328/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/05/a_conversation_with_harold_cam.html |archive-date=May 18, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harold Camping is at the heart of a mediapocalypse |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-may-21-la-me-rapture-20110521-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=May 21, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2011 |first=Christopher |last=Goffard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602060425/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/21/local/la-me-rapture-20110521 |archive-date=June 2, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> and that the end of the world would take place five months later on October 21, 2011, based on adding the 153 fish of John 20 to May 21.<ref name="Harold Camping: End-Time Scenario">{{Cite web | url=http://www.lamblion.us/2011/03/harold-camping-end-time-scenario.html | title=Harold Camping: End-Time Scenario | access-date=2019-05-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531180819/http://www.lamblion.us/2011/03/harold-camping-end-time-scenario.html | archive-date=2019-05-31 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url = http://www.ebiblefellowship.com/may21/index.html |title = May 21, 2011 – Judgment Day!; October 21, 2011 – The End of the World |publisher = Ebiblefellowship.com |date = May 21, 1988 |access-date =November 29, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101028050127/http://ebiblefellowship.com/may21/index.html| archive-date= October 28, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> The Rapture, as indicated in 1 Thessalonians 4:17 ({{Lang|grc-latn|harpagēsometha}} {{Gloss|we shall be raptured/taken up}}, ''rapture'' derivable from the Latin translation {{Lang|la|rapiemur}}) is the taking up of believers to a meeting in the air with the Lord Jesus, but for Camping the rapture was also associated with the End of the World.<ref name="Harold Camping: End-Time Scenario"/>

Camping, who was then president of the [[Family Radio]] Christian network, claimed the Bible as his source and said May 21 would be the date of the Rapture and the day of judgment "beyond the shadow of a doubt".<ref>{{cite news |title = End of Days in May? Believers enter final stretch |url = http://www.nbcnews.com/id/40885541 |newspaper = Associated Press, cited at NBC News |date = January 23, 2011 |access-date =May 9, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Camping suggested that it would occur at 6&nbsp;pm local time, with the Rapture sweeping the globe time zone by time zone,<ref name=Amira>{{cite news |last = Amira |first = Dan |title = A Conversation With Harold Camping, Prophesier of Judgment Day |url = https://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/05/a_conversation_with_harold_cam.html |access-date =May 21, 2011 |newspaper = [[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date = May 11, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110518220328/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/05/a_conversation_with_harold_cam.html| archive-date= May 18, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/blogs/scocca/archive/2011/05/16/countdown-to-armageddon-maybe-the-world-will-end-friday-night-or-sunday-morning.aspx |title=Scocca: Countdown to Armageddon: Maybe the World Will End Friday Night (or Sunday Morning)<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2019-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602015818/http://www.slate.com/blogs/blogs/scocca/archive/2011/05/16/countdown-to-armageddon-maybe-the-world-will-end-friday-night-or-sunday-morning.aspx |archive-date=2011-06-02 }}</ref> while some of his supporters claimed that around 200 million people (approximately 3% of the world's population) would be raptured.<ref name=JudgmentDay32>{{cite web |title = Judgment Day |url = http://www.familyradio.com/graphical/literature/judgment/judgment.html |publisher = [[Family Radio]] |access-date = May 16, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110608095448/http://www.familyradio.com/graphical/literature/judgment/judgment.html |archive-date = June 8, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Camping had previously claimed that the Rapture would occur in September 1994.

The vast majority of Christian groups, including most Protestant and Catholic believers, did not accept Camping's predictions;<ref>{{cite web |url = http://relijournal.com/christianity/may-21st-the-new-christian-doomsday/ |title = May 21st, The New Christian Doomsday |publisher = ReliJournal |date = May 6, 2011 |access-date = May 11, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110519093240/http://relijournal.com/christianity/may-21st-the-new-christian-doomsday/ |archive-date = May 19, 2011 }}</ref> some explicitly rejected them,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gracevalley.org/Letter_to_Harold_Camping_True_Prophet_Or_False.pdf |title = Letter to Harold Camping (Family Radio) True Prophet or False? |access-date = May 10, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101222183254/http://gracevalley.org/Letter_to_Harold_Camping_True_Prophet_Or_False.pdf |archive-date = December 22, 2010 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.christianpost.com/news/billboards-marking-jesus-return-in-may-misguided-says-nt-scholar-48083/ |title = Billboards Marking Jesus' Return in May 'Misguided,' Says NT Scholar |date = 16 December 2010 |access-date = May 10, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722143608/http://www.christianpost.com/news/billboards-marking-jesus-return-in-may-misguided-says-nt-scholar-48083/ |archive-date = July 22, 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-faith/post/end-times-theology-an-insiders-guide/2011/05/10/AFCsXAiG_blog.html |title = End times theology: an insider's guide |date = May 10, 2011|newspaper = The Washington Post|access-date =May 10, 2011 |first=Brian D. |last=McLaren | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120111102343/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-faith/post/end-times-theology-an-insiders-guide/2011/05/10/AFCsXAiG_blog.html | archive-date = January 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/22578/catholic-scholar-dismantles-may-21-judgment-day-claims |title = Catholic scholar dismantles May 21 Judgment Day claims |author = Marianne Medlin |date = May 20, 2011 |publisher = Catholic News Agency |access-date = May 20, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110522015630/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/catholic-scholar-dismantles-may-21-judgment-day-claims/ |archive-date = May 22, 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref> citing Bible passages including the words of Jesus stating "about that day or hour no one knows" (Matthew 24:36). An interview with a group of church leaders noted that all of them had scheduled church services as usual for Sunday, May 22.<ref>[http://www.nbc29.com/story/14665758/church-leaders-across-denominations-reflect-on-the-end-of-days ''Church Leaders Across Denominations Reflect on Camping's Prediction''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531180824/https://www.nbc29.com/story/14665758/church-leaders-across-denominations-reflect-on-the-end-of-days |date=2019-05-31 }} NBC29, May 17, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.</ref>

Following the failure of the prediction, media attention shifted to the response from Camping and his followers. On May 23, Camping stated that May 21 had been a "spiritual" day of judgment, and that the physical Rapture would occur on October 21, 2011, simultaneously with the destruction of the universe by God.<ref name = "G&M">[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/radio-host-says-rapture-actually-coming-in-october/article2032209/ Radio host says Rapture actually coming in October] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529011135/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/radio-host-says-rapture-actually-coming-in-october/article2032209/ |date=2011-05-29 }} – ''Globe and Mail''. May 23, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13516796 | work=BBC News | title=Rapture: Harold Camping issues new apocalypse date | date=24 May 2011 | access-date=September 23, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902022258/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13516796 | archive-date=2 September 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> However, on October 16, Camping admitted to an interviewer that he did not know when the end would come.<ref name="retire">{{cite news |title=Harold Camping Exclusive: Family Radio Founder Retires; Doomsday 'Prophet' No Longer Able to Work |url=http://global.christianpost.com/news/harold-camping-exclusive-family-radio-founder-retires-doomsday-prophet-no-longer-able-to-work-59222/ |newspaper=The Christian Post |date=October 24, 2011 |access-date=October 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026172548/http://global.christianpost.com/news/harold-camping-exclusive-family-radio-founder-retires-doomsday-prophet-no-longer-able-to-work-59222/ |archive-date=October 26, 2011 }}</ref>

In March 2012, Camping "humbly acknowledged" in a letter to Family Radio listeners that he had been mistaken, that the attempt to predict a date was "sinful", and that critics had been right in pointing to the scriptural text "of that day and hour knoweth no man". He added that he was searching the Bible "even more fervently [...] not to find dates, but to be more faithful in our understanding."<ref>[http://charismanews.com/us/32958-harold-camping-admits-rapture-prediction-was-sinful-statement Letter from Harold Camping to the "Family Radio Family"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310001154/http://charismanews.com/us/32958-harold-camping-admits-rapture-prediction-was-sinful-statement |date=2012-03-10 }}, reproduced at ''Charisma News,'' March 7, 2012</ref>

====David Meade====
{{Main|David Meade (author)}}

David Meade is the pen name of an American end-times [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorist]] and book author who has yet to disclose his real name. Meade, who describes himself as a "Christian [[numerologist]]",<ref name="Guarino2">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/05/will-the-mysterious-shadow-planet-nibiru-obliterate-earth-in-october-no/|title=Will the mysterious shadow planet Nibiru obliterate Earth in October? No.|last1=Guarino|first1=Ben|date=7 January 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|publisher=Nash Holdings LLC|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924001754/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/05/will-the-mysterious-shadow-planet-nibiru-obliterate-earth-in-october-no/|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> claims to have attended the [[University of Louisville]], where he "studied astronomy, among other subjects",<ref name="washingtonpostmeade2">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/09/20/the-christian-numerologist-whose-biblical-doomsday-claim-has-some-nervously-eyeing-sept-23/|title=The man whose biblical doomsday claim has some nervously eyeing Sept. 23|last1=Phillips|first1=Kristine|date=20 September 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=[[Jeff Bezos|Nash Holdings LLC]]|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923081540/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/09/20/the-christian-numerologist-whose-biblical-doomsday-claim-has-some-nervously-eyeing-sept-23/|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="glum2">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/end-world-david-meade-668820|title=Who Is David Meade? The World Is Ending Saturday, According to This Catholic-Raised Blogger|last1=Glum|first1=Julia|date=22 September 2017|publisher=[[Newsweek Media Group]]|periodical=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531184230/https://www.newsweek.com/end-world-david-meade-668820|archive-date=31 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> but, because his real name is unknown, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that the university could not confirm whether he had ever been a student there.<ref name="washingtonpostmeade2" /> He is also a writer, researcher and investigator who has written and self-published at least 13 books.<ref name="washingtonpostmeade2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/doomsday-writer-david-meade-who-is-he/|title=Doomsday writer David Meade: Who is he?|date=22 September 2017|work=[[Fox News]]|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024802/http://www.foxnews.com/science/2017/09/22/doomsday-writer-david-meade-who-is.html|archive-date=31 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He made appearances and interviews on ''[[Coast to Coast AM]]'', ''The Washington Post'', ''[[Glenn Beck Program]]'', [[YouTube]] with pastor Paul Begley, and the ''[[Daily Express]]''. He is best known for making numerous predictions, which have passed, regarding the end times, including that a hidden planet named [[Nibiru cataclysm|Nibiru]] (sometimes known as Planet&nbsp;X) would destroy the [[Earth]].

Meade predicted that planet Nibiru would collide with Earth on September 23, 2017, destroying it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjla.com/news/offbeat/the-world-is-ending-on-september-23-according-to-a-biblical-prophecy|title=The world is ending on September 23, according to a biblical prophecy|last1=Karangu|first1=Jessie|date=20 September 2017|website=[[WJLA-TV]]|publisher=[[Sinclair Broadcast Group]]|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531184223/https://wjla.com/news/offbeat/the-world-is-ending-on-september-23-according-to-a-biblical-prophecy|archive-date=31 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> After his prediction failed, he revised the apocalypse to October, where he stated that the seven-year [[Great Tribulation|tribulation]] would possibly start followed by a [[Millennialism|millennium]] of peace.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4955640/doomsday-world-end-david-meade/|title=David Meade Said the World Was Going to End Last Weekend. Now He Says It's Really Happening in October|last1=Gajanan|first1=Mahita|date=25 September 2017|publisher=Time Inc.| magazine=Time (magazine)|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925162955/http://time.com/4955640/doomsday-world-end-david-meade/|archive-date=25 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Meade again made several predictions for that year, for instance, that [[North Korea]] becoming a superpower in March 2018 and that Nibiru would destroy the Earth in spring.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} Meade announced that the apocalypse would begin in March 2018, but he did not predict the exact date.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} After March 2018 passed, he moved the apocalypse to April 23, 2018, in which he also predicted the [[Sun]], [[Moon]], [[Jupiter]], and [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]] will signal the rapture, and that Nibiru would destroy the Earth that day.<ref name="Nzheraldmeade2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=12031291|title=Conspiracy theorists claim end of world is coming April 23 when Nibiru appears|last1=MacDonald|first1=Cheyenne|date=12 April 2018|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624204452/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=12031291|archive-date=24 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> However, before that date he said that reports that he predicted the end on 23 April were "fake news", but that the rapture—but not the end of the world—would take place on an unspecified date between May and December 2018.

====Branch Davidians====
{{Main|Branch Davidians}}

The Branch Davidians (also known as The Branch) are a religious group that originated in 1955 from a [[Schism (religion)|schism]] among the [[Shepherd's Rod|Shepherd's Rod/Davidian]]s. The Branch group was initially led by [[Benjamin Roden]]. Branch Davidians are most associated with the [[Waco siege]] of 1993, which involved [[David Koresh]]. There is documented evidence (FBI negotiation transcripts between Kathryn Shroeder and Steve Schneider with interjections from Koresh himself) that David Koresh and his followers did not call themselves Branch Davidians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/1958/507.pdf?sequence=1|title=United States Department of the Treasury: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms (Tape #126 Transcription)|date=March 13, 1993|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624204503/https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/1958/507.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=June 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, David Koresh, through forgery, stole the identity of the Branch Davidian Seventh-day Adventists for the purpose of obtaining the Mount Carmel Center property.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Waco Untold, How David Koresh Stole the Identity of The Branch Davidians|last=Mitchell|first=Douglas|publisher=Ten Strings Publishing|year=2018|isbn=978-0-9998026-0-1|location=US}}</ref> The doctrinal beliefs of the Branch Davidians differ on teachings such as the [[Holy Spirit]] and his nature, and the feast days and their requirements. Both groups have disputed the relevance of the other's spiritual authority based on the proceedings following [[Victor Houteff]]'s death. From its inception in 1930, the Davidians/Shepherd's Rod group believed themselves to be living in a time when biblical prophecies of a final divine judgment were coming to pass as a prelude to Christ's [[Second Coming]].

In the late 1980s, Koresh and his followers abandoned many Branch Davidian teachings. Koresh became the group's self-proclaimed final prophet. "Koreshians" were the majority resulting from the schism among the Branch Davidians, but some of the Branch Davidians did not join Koresh's group and instead gathered around [[George Roden]] or became independent. Following a series of violent shootouts between Roden's and Koresh's group, the Mount Carmel compound was eventually taken over by the "Koreshians". In 1993, the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] and [[Texas Army National Guard]] raided one of the properties belonging to a [[new religious movement]] centered around David Koresh that evolved from the Branch Davidians for suspected weapons violations. It is unknown who shot first, but the ATF surrounded and tried to invade the home of the Branch Davidians. This raid resulted in a two-hour firefight in which four ATF agents were killed; this was followed by [[Waco siege#Siege|a standoff with government agents]] that lasted for 51 days. The siege ended in a fire that engulfed the Mount Carmel compound which led to the deaths of 76 Branch Davidians inside.<ref>Dick J. Reavis, ''The Ashes of Waco: An Investigation'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=-k34va6Lx3UC&pg=PA13 p. 13] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318082254/https://books.google.com/books?id=-k34va6Lx3UC&pg=PA13 |date=2017-03-18 }}. {{ISBN|0-684-81132-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= The Branch Davidians of Waco: The History and Beliefs of an Apocalyptic Sect |url= https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-branch-davidians-of-waco-9780199245741?cc=au&lang=en&#.UFG2XbJlRK4 |author1= Newport, Kenneth G.C. |date= 2006 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0199245741 |access-date= 25 November 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190624204447/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-branch-davidians-of-waco-9780199245741?cc=au&lang=en&#.UFG2XbJlRK4 |archive-date= 24 June 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Islam===
{{Main|Islamic eschatology}}
{{Further|Al-Masih ad-Dajjal|False prophet#Islam|Occultation (Islam)|Signs of the appearance of Mahdi}}

[[Islamic eschatology]] is the aspect of [[Islamic theology]] concerning ideas of life after death, matters of the soul, and the "Day of Judgement," known as {{Lang|ar-latn|Yawm al-Qiyāmah}} ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة}}, {{IPA|ar|jawmu‿l.qijaːma|IPA}}, "the Day of Resurrection") or ''[[Yawmuddin|Yawm ad-Dīn]]'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}}, {{IPA|ar|jawmu‿d.diːn|lIPA}}, "the Day of Judgment").{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} The Day of Judgement is characterized by the annihilation of all life, which will then be followed by the [[resurrection of the dead]] and judgment by [[God in Islam|God]]. It is not specified when {{Lang|ar-latn|al-Qiyamah}} will happen, but according to [[prophecy]] elaborated by [[hadith]] literature, there are major and minor signs that will foretell its coming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inter-islam.org/faith/Majorsigns.html|title=Major Signs before the Day of Judgment|publisher=Shaykh Ahmad Ali|access-date=2019-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710214058/http://www.inter-islam.org/faith/Majorsigns.html|archive-date=2016-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inter-islam.org/faith/Signs-Of-Qiyaamah.htm|title=Signs of Qiyaamah|website=Inter-Islam|date=2001|access-date=2019-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623002119/http://www.inter-islam.org/faith/Signs-Of-Qiyaamah.htm|archive-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> Multiple verses in the [[Quran|Qur'an]] mention the [[Last Judgment]].<ref name="EoQ2ISLAM">{{cite book|title=''Last Judgment''|last=Hasson|first=Isaac|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]]|doi = 10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00105}}</ref><ref name= "EoI2ISLAM"/>

The main subject of Surat [[al-Qiyama]] is the resurrection. The [[Great Tribulation]] is described in the [[hadith]] and commentaries of the [[ulama]], including [[al-Ghazali]], [[Ibn Kathir]], [[Ibn Majah]], [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]], and [[Ibn Khuzaymah]].<ref name="EoI2ISLAM">{{cite book|title=''Qiyama''|last=Gardet|first=L.|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]]}}</ref><ref name="Cite quran|74|38|s=ns2">{{Cite quran|74|38|s=ns}}</ref> The Day of Judgment is also known as the Day of Reckoning, the Last Day, and the Hour (''al-sā'ah'').<ref name="cite quran|71|18|s=ns3">{{cite quran|71|18|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="cite quran|31|34|s=ns3">{{cite quran|31|34|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="cite quran|74|47|s=ns3">{{cite quran|74|47|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="cite quran|2|8|s=ns3">{{cite quran|2|8|s=ns}}</ref>

Unlike the Quran, the hadith contains several events, happening before the Day of Judgment, which are described as several ''minor signs'' and twelve ''major signs''. During this period, terrible corruption and chaos would rule the earth, caused by the [[Masih ad-Dajjal]] (the Antichrist in Islam), then [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] will appear, defeating the Dajjal and establish a period of peace, liberating the world from cruelty. These events will be followed by a time of serenity when people live according to religious values.<ref name="Mahdi13ISLAM">{{cite book|title=Portents And Features Of The Mahdi's Coming|last=Yahya|first=Harun|date=2010|publisher=Global Publishing. Kindle Edition.}}</ref>

Similarly to other [[Abrahamic religions]], Islam teaches that there will be a [[resurrection of the dead]] that will be followed by a final tribulation and eternal division of the righteous and wicked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588?_hi=1&_pos=2|title=Eschatology – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|date=2008-05-06|publisher=Oxfordislamicstudies.com|access-date=2017-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730134104/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588?_hi=1&_pos=2|archive-date=2017-07-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> Islamic apocalyptic literature describing [[Armageddon]] is often known as ''[[Fitna (word)|fitna]]'', ''[[Al-Malhama Al-Kubra]]'' (The Great Massacre) or ''ghaybah'' in Shī'a Islam. The righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of [[Jannah]] (Paradise), while the unrighteous are punished in [[Jahannam]] (Hell).

===Judaism===
{{Main|Jewish eschatology}}
{{Further|False prophet#Judaism|List of Jewish messiah claimants}}

[[Moses of Crete]], a rabbi in the 5th century, claimed to be the [[Jewish Messiah]] and promised to lead the people, like the ancient [[Moses]], through a parted sea back to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. His followers left their possessions and waited for the promised day, when, at his command, many cast themselves into the sea, some finding death, others being rescued by sailors.<ref>Donna Kossy, ''Kooks'' {{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=May 2023}}</ref>