Editing Apollo 14 (section)

== Hardware ==
=== Spacecraft ===
[[File:Apollo 14 rollout from VAB.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Apollo 14 launch vehicle is rolled out from the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]], November 9, 1970.]]
The Apollo 14 spacecraft consisted of Command Module (CM) 110 and Service Module (SM) 110 (together CSM-110), called ''Kitty Hawk'', and [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]] 8 (LM-8), called ''Antares''.<ref name = "mission overview" /> Roosa had chosen the CSM's call sign after [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina|the town]] in North Carolina where, in 1903, the [[Wright Brothers]] first flew their ''[[Wright Flyer]]'' airplane (also known as ''Kitty Hawk''). [[Antares]] was named by Mitchell after the star in the constellation [[Scorpius]] that the astronauts in the LM would use to orient the craft for its lunar landing.{{sfn|Moseley 2011|p=132}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Call signs|access-date=August 17, 2020|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-17_Call_Signs.htm|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=25}} Also considered part of the spacecraft were a Launch Escape System and a Spacecraft/Launch Vehicle Adapter,{{sfn|Mission Report|p=A-1}} numbered SLA-17.<ref name = "hardware">{{cite web|title=Apollo/Skylab ASTP and Shuttle Orbiter Major End Items|date=March 1978|url=https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/6473665/Apollo-Skylab-ASTP-and-Shuttle-Orbiter-Major-End.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/6473665/Apollo-Skylab-ASTP-and-Shuttle-Orbiter-Major-End.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=[[NASA]]|page=15}}</ref>

The changes to the Apollo spacecraft between Apollo 13 and 14 were more numerous than with earlier missions, not only because of the problems with Apollo 13, but because of the more extensive lunar activities planned for Apollo 14.<ref name = "mission overview" >{{cite web|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_14/overview/|title=Apollo 14 mission: Mission overview|access-date=June 29, 2020|publisher=[[Lunar and Planetary Institute]]}}</ref> The Apollo 13 accident had been caused by the explosive failure of an oxygen tank, after the insulation of the internal wiring had been damaged by heating of the tank contents pre-launch—that the oxygen had gotten hot enough to damage the insulation had not been realized, since the protective thermostatic switches had failed because they were, through an error, not designed to handle the voltage applied during ground testing. The explosion damaged the other tank or its tubing, causing its contents to leak away.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|pp=372–375}}

The changes in response included a redesign of the oxygen tanks, with the thermostats being upgraded to handle the proper voltage.{{sfn|Gatland|1976|p=281}} A third tank was also added, placed in Bay{{nbsp}}1 of the SM, on the side opposite the other two, and was given a valve that could isolate it in an emergency, and allow it to feed the CM's environmental system only. The quantity probe in each tank was upgraded from aluminum to stainless steel.{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=96–97}}

Also in response to the Apollo 13 accident, the electrical wiring in Bay{{nbsp}}4 (where the explosion had happened) was sheathed in stainless steel. The fuel cell oxygen supply valves were redesigned to isolate the Teflon-coated wiring from the oxygen. The spacecraft and Mission Control monitoring systems were modified to give more immediate and visible warnings of anomalies.{{sfn|Gatland|1976|p=281}} The Apollo 13 astronauts had suffered shortages of water and of power after the accident.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|pp=369–370}}  Accordingly, an emergency supply of {{convert|5|USgal|}} of water was stored in Apollo 14's CM, and an emergency battery, identical to those that powered the LM's descent stage, was placed in the SM. The LM was modified to make the transfer of power from LM to CM easier.{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=96–98}}

Other changes included the installation of anti-slosh baffles in the LM descent stage's propellant tanks. This would prevent the low fuel light from coming on prematurely, as had happened on Apollo 11 and 12. Structural changes were made to accommodate the equipment to be used on the lunar surface, including the [[Modular Equipment Transporter]].{{sfn|Mission Report|pp=A-6, A-9}}

=== Launch vehicle ===
The [[Saturn V]] used for Apollo 14 was designated SA-509, and was similar to those used on [[Apollo 8]] through 13.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=90}} At {{convert|6505548|lb}}, it was the heaviest vehicle yet flown by NASA, {{convert|3814|lb}} heavier than the launch vehicle for Apollo 13.<ref name = "journal launch">{{cite web|work=Apollo Lunar Flight Journal|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap14fj/01_day01_launch.html|title=Day 1: The launch|date=June 5, 2020|access-date=July 21, 2020|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027155543/https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap14fj/01_day01_launch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A number of changes were made to avoid [[pogo oscillation]]s, that had caused an early shutdown of the center [[Rocketdyne J-2|J-2]] engine on Apollo 13's [[S-II]] second stage. These included a helium gas accumulator installed in the liquid oxygen (LOX) line of the center engine, a backup [[Blanking and piercing|cutoff]] device for that engine, and a simplified 2-position propellant utilization valve on each of the five J-2 engines.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=93}}

=== ALSEP and other lunar surface equipment ===
The [[Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package]] (ALSEP) array of scientific instruments carried by Apollo 14 consisted of the Passive Seismic Experiment (PSE), [[Active Seismic Experiment]] (ASE), [[Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment]] (SIDE), [[Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment|Cold Cathode Ion Gauge Experiment]] (CCIG), and [[Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment]] (CPLEE). Two additional lunar surface experiments not part of the ALSEP were also flown, the [[Laser Ranging Retroreflector]] (LRRR or LR3), to be deployed in the ALSEP's vicinity, and the Lunar Portable Magnetometer (LPM), to be used by the astronauts during their second EVA.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=27}} The PSE had been flown on Apollo 12 and 13, the ASE on Apollo 13, the SIDE on Apollo 12, the CCIG on Apollo 12 and 13, and the LRRR on Apollo 11. The LPM was new, but resembled equipment flown on Apollo 12.{{sfn|Mission Report|p=A-11}} The ALSEP components flown on Apollo 13 were destroyed when its LM burned up in Earth's atmosphere.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 15, 1970|title=Moon-rock project lost; equipment will burn up|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/15/archives/moonrock-project-lost-equipment-will-burn-up.html|page=29}}</ref>
Deployment of the ALSEP, and of the other instruments, each formed one of Apollo 14's mission objectives.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=27}}

[[File:As14-67-09379 (25398963314).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|A close-up view of the Apollo 14 [[Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package|ALSEP]] Central Station deployed on the Moon]]
The PSE was a seismometer, similar to one left on the Moon by [[Apollo 12]], and was to measure seismic activity in the Moon. The Apollo 14 instrument would be calibrated by the impact, after being jettisoned, of the LM's ascent stage, since an object of known mass and velocity would be impacting at a known location on the Moon. The Apollo 12 instrument would also be activated by the spent Apollo 14 [[S-IVB]] booster, which would impact the Moon after the mission entered lunar orbit. The two seismometers would, in combination with those left by later Apollo missions, constitute a network of such instruments at different locations on the Moon.{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=27, 29, 31}}

The ASE would also measure seismic waves. It consisted of two parts. In the first, one of the crew members would deploy three [[geophone]]s at distances up to {{convert|310|ft}} from the ALSEP's Central Station, and on his way back from the furthest, fire thumpers every {{convert|15|ft}}. The second consisted of four [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]s (with their launch tubes), of different properties and set to impact at different distances from the experiment. It was hoped that the waves generated from the impacts would provide data about seismic wave transmission in the Moon's regolith. The mortar shells were not to be fired until the astronauts had returned to Earth,{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=31, 33}} and in the event were never fired for fear they would damage other experiments. A similar experiment was successfully deployed, and the mortars launched, on [[Apollo 16]].<ref>{{cite news|date=February 12, 2018|last=Klemeti|first=Erik|title=That time Apollo Astronauts detonated explosives on the Moon|access-date=July 24, 2020|newspaper=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]|url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/that-time-apollo-astronauts-detonated-explosives-on-the-moon}}</ref>

The LPM was to be carried during the second EVA and used to measure the Moon's magnetic field at various points.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=36}}
The SIDE measured ions on the lunar surface, including from the [[solar wind]]. It was combined with the CCIG, which was to measure the [[lunar atmosphere]] and detect if it varied over time. The CPLEE measured the particle energies of protons and electrons generated by the Sun that reached the lunar surface.{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=34–35}} The LRRR acts as a passive target for laser beams, allowing the measurement of the Earth/Moon distance and how it changes over time.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=35}} The LRRRs from Apollo 11, 14 and 15 are the only experiments left on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts that are still returning data.<ref>{{cite web|title=Apollo 14 mission: Science experiments—Laser Ranging Retroreflector|publisher=[[Lunar and Planetary Institute]]|access-date=August 3, 2020|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_14/experiments/lrr/index.shtml}}</ref>

Flown for the first time on Apollo 14 was the Buddy Secondary Life Support System (BSLSS), a set of flexible hoses that would enable Shepard and Mitchell to share cooling water should one of their [[Primary Life Support System]] (PLSS) backpacks fail. In such an emergency, the astronaut with the failed equipment would get oxygen from his [[Oxygen Purge System]] (OPS) backup cylinder, but the BSLSS would ensure he did not have to use oxygen for cooling, extending the life of the OPS.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=66}} The OPSs used on Apollo 14 were modified from those used on previous missions in that the internal heaters were removed as unnecessary.{{sfn|Mission Report|p=A-10}}

Water bags were also taken to the lunar surface, dubbed "Gunga Dins", for insertion in the astronauts' helmets, allowing them sips of water during the EVAs.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=66}} These had been flown on Apollo 13, but Shepard and Mitchell were the first to use them on the Moon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/alsj-DrinkFood.html|title=Water Gun, Helmet Feedport, In-Suit Drink Bag, and Food Stick|last1=Jones|first1=Eric M.|date=March 3, 2010|website=Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> Similarly, Shepard was the first on the lunar surface to wear a spacesuit with commander's stripes: red stripes on arms, legs, and on the helmet, though one had been worn by Lovell on Apollo 13. These were instituted because of the difficulty in telling one spacesuited astronaut from the other in photographs.<ref name = "red stripe">{{cite web|title=Commander's stripes|website=Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=July 29, 2020|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/alsj-CDRStripes.html|last=Jones|first=Eric M.|date=February 20, 2006}}</ref>

=== Modular Equipment Transporter ===
[[File:Shepard Next to Modular Equipment Transporter - GPN-2000-001147.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Shepard and the [[Modular Equipment Transporter]]]]
{{main|Modular Equipment Transporter}}
The [[Modular Equipment Transporter]] (MET) was a two-wheeled handcart, used only on Apollo 14, intended to allow the astronauts to take tools and equipment with them, and store lunar samples, without needing to carry them. On later Apollo program missions, the self-propelled [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]] (LRV) was flown instead.{{sfn|Apollo Program Summary Report|p=4-98}}

The MET, when deployed for use on the lunar surface, was about {{convert|86|in|cm}} long, {{convert|39|in|cm}} wide and {{convert|32|in|cm}} high. It had pressurized rubber tires {{convert|4|in|cm}} wide and {{convert|16|in|cm}} in diameter, containing nitrogen and inflated to about {{convert|1.5|psi}}.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=68}}  The first use of tires on the Moon, these were developed by [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear]] and were dubbed their XLT (Experimental Lunar Tire) model. Fully loaded, the MET weighed about {{convert|75|kg|lb|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.goodyear.eu/fifty-years-after-going-to-the-moon-goodyear--looks-to-space-to-enhance-tire-performance/|publisher=Goodyear|date=July 15, 2019|title=Celebrating 50 years of moon exploration|access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> Two legs combined with the wheels to provide four-point stability when at rest.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=68}}