Editing Apple II (section)

==Models==
===Apple II===
{{Main|Apple II (original)}}

[[File:Micromodem II in Apple II.jpg|thumb|An Apple II computer with an internal [[modem]] and external [[Data access arrangement|DAA]]]]

The first Apple II computers went on sale on June 10, 1977<ref name = "Apple II intro date"/><ref name="Apple II History">{{cite web |last=Weyhrich |first=Steven |date=December 2008 |title=4-The Apple II, cont. - Product Introduction |url=http://apple2history.org/history/ah04/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110722173215/http://apple2history.org/history/ah04/ |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |access-date=August 3, 2012 |work=Apple II History |publisher=Apple2History.org |quote=The first motherboard-only Apple II computers shipped on May 10, 1977, for those who wanted to add their own case, keyboard, and power supply (or wanted to update their [[Apple I|Apple-1]] "system" with the latest and greatest). A month later, on June 10, 1977, Apple began shipping full Apple II systems. |df=mdy-all}}</ref> with a [[MOS Technology 6502]] (later [[Synertek]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apple2history.org/museum/articles/microreport/|title=Apple II History Microprocessor Report|date=July 19, 2010|access-date=July 6, 2015|archive-date=July 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722235253/http://apple2history.org/museum/articles/microreport/|url-status=live}}</ref> microprocessor running at 1.023&nbsp;[[Hertz|MHz]], 4&nbsp;KB of [[Random-access memory|RAM]], an [[audio cassette interface]] for loading programs and storing data, and the [[Integer BASIC]] programming language built into the [[read-only memory|ROMs]]. The video controller displayed 40 columns by 24 lines of monochrome, upper-case-only (the original character set matches [[ASCII]] characters 0x20 to 0x5F) text on the screen, with [[NTSC]] [[composite video]] output suitable for display on a TV monitor, or on a regular TV set by way of a separate [[RF modulator]]. The original retail price of the computer was {{US$|1298|1977|round=-2}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Forster| first=Winnie|author-link=Winnie Forster|title=The encyclopedia of consoles, handhelds & home computers 1972–2005|year=2005|publisher=GAMEPLAN|isbn=3-00-015359-4|page=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Apple|title=Introducing Apple II|url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1977-06/1977_06_BYTE_02-06_Cognitive_Robot#page/n15/mode/2up|website=Archive|date=June 1977 |access-date=4 September 2014|ref=Apple II Advertisement}}</ref>(with 4&nbsp;KB of RAM) and {{US$|2638|1977|round=-2}} (with the maximum 48&nbsp;KB of RAM). To reflect the computer's [[Apple II graphics|color graphics]] capability, the Apple logo on the casing was represented using rainbow stripes,<ref>{{cite web|title=Apple II History Chapter 4 |url=http://apple2history.org/history/ah04.html |author=Steven Weyhrich |date=April 21, 2002 |access-date=November 16, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925003021/http://apple2history.org/history/ah04.html |archive-date=September 25, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Interview with Rob Janoff, designer of the Apple logo |url=https://creativebits.org/interview/interview_rob_janoff_designer_apple_logo/ |date=July 20, 2020 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024013734/http://creativebits.org/interview/interview_rob_janoff_designer_apple_logo |url-status=live }}</ref> which remained a part of Apple's corporate logo until early 1998. The earliest Apple IIs were assembled in [[Silicon Valley]], and later in Texas;<ref>{{cite book|first=Frank|last=Rose|title=West of Eden |publisher=Arrow Books|year=1989|page=3|isbn=0-09-976200-5}}</ref> [[printed circuit board]]s were manufactured in Ireland and [[Singapore]].

An external {{frac|5|1|4}}-inch [[floppy disk]] drive, the [[Disk II]], attached via a controller card that plugged into one of the computer's expansion slots (usually slot 6), was used for data storage and retrieval to replace cassettes. The Disk II interface, created by [[Steve Wozniak]], was regarded as an engineering masterpiece for its economy of electronic components.<ref>{{cite web|title=Apple II History Chapter 5, The Disk II |url=http://apple2history.org/history/ah05.html |author=Steven Weyhrich |date=December 28, 2001 |access-date=November 16, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201122002/http://apple2history.org/history/ah05.html |archive-date=December 1, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[[Paul Freiberger|Freiberger, Paul]], and [[Michael Swaine (technical author)|Michael Swaine]]. "Fire In The Valley, Part Two (Book Excerpt)", A+ Magazine, January 1985: 45.</ref>

Rather than having a dedicated sound-synthesis chip, the Apple II had a toggle circuit that could only emit a click through a built-in speaker; all other sounds (including two, three and, eventually, four-voice music and playback of audio samples and speech synthesis) were generated entirely by software that clicked the speaker at just the right times.

The Apple II's multiple expansion slots permitted a wide variety of third-party devices, including [[Apple II peripheral cards]] such as [[Apple II serial cards|serial controllers]], display controllers, memory boards, hard disks, networking components, and [[Apple II system clocks|real-time clocks]]. There were plug-in [[Apple II processor cards|expansion cards]] – such as the [[Z-80 SoftCard]]<ref name=z80/> – that permitted the Apple to use the [[Zilog Z80|Z80]] processor and run a multitude of programs developed under the [[CP/M]] operating system,<ref name="z80"/> including the [[dBase|dBase II]] database and the [[WordStar]] word processor. There was also a third-party [[Motorola 6809|6809]] card that would allow [[OS-9]] Level One to be run.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Third-party [[Apple II sound cards|sound cards]] greatly improved audio capabilities, allowing simple music synthesis and text-to-speech functions. Eventually, [[Apple II accelerators|Apple II accelerator cards]] were created to double or quadruple the computer's speed.

[[Rod Holt]] designed the Apple II's power supply. He employed a [[switched-mode power supply]] design, which was far smaller and generated less unwanted heat than the [[linear power supply]] some other home computers used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.righto.com/2012/02/apple-didnt-revolutionize-power.html#ref28|title=Apple didn't revolutionize power supplies; new transistors did|website=www.righto.com|access-date=April 27, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/20131207033722/www.righto.com/2012/02/apple-didnt-revolutionize-power.html#ref28|archive-date=December 7, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The original Apple II was discontinued at the start of 1981; it was superseded by the [[Apple II+]].

===Apple II Plus===
{{Main|Apple II Plus}}
[[File:Apple II Plus.jpg|thumb|Apple II Plus]]

The Apple II Plus, introduced in June 1979,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apple2history.org/history/ah06.html|title=Apple II History Chap 6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710011643/http://apple2history.org/history/ah06.html|archive-date=July 10, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/0509.html|title=Macintosh Prehistory: The Apple I and Apple II Era|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014022114/http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/0509.html|archive-date=October 14, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://applemuseum.bott.org/sections/products.html|title=Apple Products|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111010210939/http://applemuseum.bott.org/sections/products.html|archive-date=October 10, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/madkins/timeline.html|title=EDTechTimeline|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018104250/http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/madkins/timeline.html|archive-date=October 18, 2007|df=mdy-all|access-date=June 25, 2007}}</ref> included the [[Applesoft BASIC]] programming language in [[Read-only memory|ROM.]] This [[Microsoft]]-authored dialect of BASIC, which was previously available as an upgrade, supported floating-point arithmetic, and became the standard BASIC dialect on the Apple II series (though it ran at a noticeably slower speed than Steve Wozniak's Integer BASIC).

Except for improved graphics and disk-booting support in the ROM, and the removal of the 2k 6502 assembler to make room for the floating point BASIC, the II+ was otherwise identical to the original II in terms of electronic functionality. There were small differences in the physical appearance and keyboard. RAM prices fell during 1980–81 and all II+ machines came from the factory with a full 48 KB of memory already installed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm34_3.pdf|title=U.S. Army Field Manual 34-3, Intelligence Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604064552/http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm34_3.pdf|archive-date=June 4, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

====Apple II Europlus and J-Plus====
[[File:Apple II plus.jpg|thumb|Apple II Europlus]]
[[File:Apple II J-Plus.jpg|thumb|Apple II J-Plus]]

After the success of the first Apple II in the United States, Apple expanded its market to include Europe, the Middle East, Australia and the Far East in 1979, with the '''Apple II Europlus''' (Europe, Australia) and the '''Apple II J-Plus''' (Japan). In these models, Apple made the necessary hardware, software and [[firmware]] changes in order to comply to standards outside of the US.

===Apple IIe===
{{Main|Apple IIe}}

The Apple II Plus was followed in 1983 by the Apple IIe, a cost-reduced yet more powerful machine that used newer chips to reduce the component count and add new features, such as the display of upper and lowercase letters and a standard 64&nbsp;KB of RAM.

The IIe RAM was configured as if it were a 48&nbsp;KB Apple II Plus with a language card. The machine had no slot 0, but instead had an auxiliary slot that could accept a 1&nbsp;KB memory card to enable the 80-column display. This card contained only RAM; the hardware and firmware for the 80-column display was built into the Apple IIe. An "extended 80-column card" with more memory increased the machine's RAM to 128&nbsp;KB.

The Apple IIe was the most popular machine in the Apple II series. It has the distinction of being the longest-lived Apple computer of all time&mdash;it was manufactured and sold with only minor changes for nearly 11 years. The IIe was the last Apple II model to be sold, and was discontinued in November 1993.

During its lifespan two variations were introduced: the '''Apple IIe Enhanced''' (four replacement chips to give it some of the features of the later model [[Apple IIc]]) and the '''Apple IIe Platinum''' (a modernized case color to match other Apple products of the era, along with the addition of a [[numeric keypad]]).

Some of the feature of the IIe were carried over from the less successful ''[[Apple III]]'', among them the [[Apple ProDOS|ProDOS]] operating system.

===Apple IIc===
{{Main|Apple IIc}}
[[File:Apple iicb.jpg|thumb|The Apple IIc was Apple's first compact and portable computer.]]

The Apple IIc was released in April 1984, billed as a portable Apple II because it could be easily carried due to its size and carrying handle, which could be flipped down to prop the machine up into a typing position. Unlike modern [[portable computer|portables]], it lacked a built-in display and battery. It was the first of three Apple II models to be made in the [[Snow White design language]], and the only one that used its unique creamy off-white color.<ref>"Kunkel, Paul, AppleDesign: The work of the Apple Industrial Design Group, with photographs by Rick English, New York: Graphis, 1997, p.30</ref>

The Apple IIc was the first Apple II to use the [[WDC 65C02|65C02]] low-power variant of the 6502 processor, and featured a built-in 5.25-inch floppy drive and 128&nbsp;KB RAM, with a built-in disk controller that could control external drives, composite video (NTSC or PAL), serial interfaces for modem and printer, and a port usable by either a joystick or mouse. Unlike previous Apple II models, the IIc had no internal expansion slots at all.

Two different monochrome [[Liquid-crystal display|LC]] displays were sold for use with the IIc's video expansion port, although both were short-lived due to high cost and poor legibility. The IIc had an external power supply that converted AC power to 15&nbsp;V DC, though the IIc itself will accept between 12&nbsp;V and 17&nbsp;V DC, allowing third parties to offer battery packs and automobile power adapters that connected in place of the supplied AC adapter.

===Apple II<small>GS</small>===
{{Main|Apple IIGS}}
[[File:Apple IIGS with peripherals.jpg|thumb|Apple IIGS with monitor, keyboard, mouse, joystick, 3.5" floppy disk drive and 5.25" floppy disk drive]]

The Apple II<small>GS</small>, released on September 15, 1986, is the penultimate and most advanced model in the Apple II series, and a radical departure from prior models. It uses a [[16-bit computing|16-bit]] microprocessor, the [[WDC 65816/65802|65C816]] operating at 2.8&nbsp;MHz with 24-bit addressing, allowing expansion up to 8&nbsp;MB of RAM. The graphics are significantly improved, with 4096 colors and new modes with resolutions of 320×200 and 640×400.<ref name="making">Duprau, Jeanne, and Tyson, Molly. "The Making of the Apple IIGS", ''A+ Magazine'', November 1986: 57–74.</ref> The audio capabilities are vastly improved, with a built-in music synthesizer that far exceeded any other home computer.

The Apple II<small>GS</small> evolved the platform while still maintaining near-complete backward compatibility. Its [[Mega II]] chip contains the functional equivalent of an entire Apple IIe computer (sans processor). This, combined with the 65816's ability to execute 65C02 code directly, provides full support for legacy software, while also supporting 16-bit software running under a new OS.

The OS eventually included a Macintosh-like graphical [[Finder (software)|Finder]] for managing disks and files and opening documents and applications, along with [[Desk accessory|desk accessories]]. Later, the II<small>GS</small> gained the ability to read and write Macintosh disks and, through third-party software, a multitasking [[Unix shell|Unix-like shell]] and [[TrueType]] font support.

The GS includes a 32-voice Ensoniq 5503 DOC [[sample-based synthesis|sample-based sound synthesizer]] chip with 64&nbsp;KB dedicated RAM,<ref>{{cite web|title=Apple IIGS|url=http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=71|author=Old-Computers.com Museum|access-date=November 16, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108095625/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=71|archive-date=November 8, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> 256&nbsp;KB (or later 1.125&nbsp;MB) of standard RAM, built-in peripheral ports (switchable between IIe-style card slots and IIc-style onboard controllers for disk drives, mouse, RGB video, and serial devices), and built-in [[AppleTalk]] networking.

===Apple IIc Plus===
{{Main|Apple IIc Plus}}
[[File:Apple IIc Plus (front).jpg|thumb|The Apple IIc Plus, an enhancement of the original portable with faster CPU, 3.5-inch floppy, and built-in power supply. It was the last model in the Apple II line.]]

The final Apple II model was the Apple IIc Plus introduced in 1988. It was the same size and shape as the IIc that came before it, but the 5.25-inch floppy drive had been replaced with a {{frac|3|1|2}}-inch drive, the power supply was moved inside the case, and the processor was a fast 4&nbsp;MHz 65C02 processor that actually ran 8-bit Apple II software faster than the II<small>GS</small>.

The IIc Plus also featured a new keyboard layout that matched the Platinum IIe and II<small>GS</small>. Unlike the IIe IIc and II<small>GS</small>, the IIc Plus came only in one version (American) and was not officially sold anywhere outside the US. The Apple IIc Plus ceased production in 1990, with its two-year production run being the shortest of all the Apple II computers.

===Apple IIe Card===
{{Main|Apple IIe Card}}

Although not an extension of the Apple II line, in 1990 the Apple IIe Card, an expansion card for the [[Macintosh LC]], was released. Essentially a miniaturized Apple IIe computer on a card (using the Mega II chip from the Apple II<small>GS</small>), it allowed the Macintosh to run 8-bit Apple IIe software through [[hardware emulation]], with an option to run at roughly double the speed of the original IIe (about 1.8&nbsp;MHz).  However, the video output was emulated in software, and, depending on how much of the screen the currently running program was trying to update in a single frame, performance could be much slower compared to a real IIe.  This is due to the fact that writes from the 65C02 on the IIe Card to video memory were caught by the additional hardware on the card, so the video emulation software running on the Macintosh side could process that write and update the video display.  But, while the Macintosh was processing video updates, execution of Apple II code would be temporarily halted.

With a breakout cable which connected to the back of the card, the user could attach up to two [[Disk II#UniDisk and Apple 5.25 Drive|UniDisk or Apple 5.25 Drives]], up to one [[Macintosh External Disk Drive#Apple UniDisk 3.5|UniDisk 3.5 drive]], and a DE-9 Apple II joystick.  Many of the LC's built-in Macintosh peripherals could also be "borrowed" by the card when in Apple II mode, including extra RAM, the Mac's internal 3.5-inch floppy drives, AppleTalk networking, any ProDOS-formatted hard disk partitions, the serial ports, mouse, and real-time clock. The IIe card could not, however, run software intended for the 16-bit Apple II<small>GS</small>.