Editing Archbishop (section)

==Western Christianity==
{{Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar}}
[[File:Anselm of Canterbury, seal.svg|thumb|[[Anselm of Canterbury]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (1093–1109)]]

===Metropolitan archbishops===
{{Main|Metropolitan bishop}}
{{See also|Diocesan bishop}}
Episcopal sees are generally arranged in groups in which one see's bishop has certain powers and duties of oversight over the others. He is known as the metropolitan archbishop of that see. In the [[Catholic Church]], [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1I.HTM canon 436 of the Code of Canon Law] indicates what these powers and duties are for a [[Latin Church]] metropolitan archbishop, while those of the head of an autonomous (''[[sui iuris]]'') [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] are indicated in [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0758/_PJ.HTM canon 157] of the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]].  All Catholic metropolitans are archbishops, but not all archbishops are metropolitans, though most are.

===Non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees===
[[File:Miguel de Poblete y Casasola.jpg|thumb|[[Miguel de Poblete Casasola]], [[Archbishop of Manila]] (1649–1667)]]

As well as the much more numerous metropolitan sees, there are 77 Catholic sees that have archiepiscopal rank.<ref name="AP2012" />{{rp|1142}} In some cases, such a see is the only one in a country, such as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]<ref name="AP2012" />{{rp|423}} or [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monaco|Monaco]],<ref name="AP2012" />{{rp|474}} too small to be divided into several dioceses so as to form an ecclesiastical province. In others, the title of archdiocese is for historical reasons attributed to a see that was once of greater importance.

Some of these archdioceses are [[suffragan diocese|suffragans]] of a metropolitan archdiocese; examples are the [[Archdiocese of Avignon]], which is a suffragan of the [[Archdiocese of Marseille]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/davig.html|title=Avignon (Latin (or Roman) Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> and the [[Archdiocese of Trnava]], [[Slovakia]]. Others are immediately subject to the Holy See and not to any metropolitan archdiocese. These are usually "aggregated" to an ecclesiastical province. An example is the [[Archdiocese of Hobart]] in [[Australia]], {{em| associated}} with the Metropolitan [[Archdiocese of Melbourne|ecclesiastical province of Melbourne]], but not {{em|part}} of it.<ref name="AP2012" />{{rp|296}} The ordinary of such an archdiocese is an archbishop.

In the [[Anglican Communion]], non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees are much less common. The [[Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem]], established in 1841, was raised to the status of a non-metropolitan archiepiscopal see in 1957, but reduced to the status of an ordinary bishopric again in 1976. In 2014 it was again elevated to the status of non-metropolitan archbishopric, with its ordinary bearing the title "Archbishop in Jerusalem", despite having no ex officio right to be the metropolitan of the province.<ref name=jmeca>{{cite web |url = https://www.jmeca.org.uk/christianity-middle-east/anglican-episcopal-church/jerusalem/brief-history-diocese-jerusalem |title = A Brief History of the Diocese of Jerusalem |publisher = The Jerusalem and the Middle East Church Association |access-date = 26 June 2020 }}</ref><ref name=acjer>{{cite web |url = http://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church/diocese.aspx?church=middle-east&dio=jerusalem |title = Archbishop in Jerusalem |date= 17 June 2020|publisher = Anglican Communion |access-date = 26 June 2020 }}</ref>

===Coadjutor archbishops===
{{Main|Coadjutor bishop}}
Until 1970, a coadjutor archbishop, one who has special faculties and the right to succeed to the leadership of a see on the death or resignation of the incumbent,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1E.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law: text - IntraText CT|website=www.intratext.com|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> was assigned also to a [[titular see]], which he held until the moment of succession. Since then, the title of Coadjutor Archbishop of the see is considered sufficient and more appropriate.

===Archbishops ''ad personam''<span class="anchor" id="Archbishops ad personam"></span><span class="anchor" id="Archbishop ad personam"></span> ===
The rank of archbishop is conferred on some bishops who are not ordinaries of an archdiocese. They hold the rank not because of the see that they head but because it has been granted to them personally (''ad personam''). Such a grant can be given when someone who already holds the rank of archbishop is transferred to a see that, though its present-day importance may be greater than the person's former see, is not archiepiscopal. The bishop transferred is then known as the archbishop-bishop of his new see. An example is [[Gianfranco Gardin]], appointed Archbishop-Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Treviso|Treviso]] on 21 December 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.ofmconv.pcn.net/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=294:naming-of-the-archbishop-bishop-of-treviso-italy&catid=1:news&Itemid=87|title=Friars Minor Conventual - Naming of the Archbishop-Bishop of Treviso, Italy|website=www2.ofmconv.pcn.net|access-date=2019-06-14|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513065545/http://www2.ofmconv.pcn.net/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=294:naming-of-the-archbishop-bishop-of-treviso-italy&catid=1:news&Itemid=87|url-status=dead}}</ref> The title borne by the successor of such an archbishop-bishop is merely that of Bishop of the see, unless he also is granted the personal title of Archbishop. Another example is [[Arthur Roche]], who was [[Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds|Bishop of Leeds]] until his appointment as [[Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments|Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]]. Roche remained a bishop by virtue of his position as bishop emeritus of Leeds – rather than being transferred to a different titular archbishopric, he was appointed as an archbishop ''ad personam''.

===Titular archiepiscopal sees===
The distinction between metropolitan sees and non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees exists for [[titular see]]s as well as for residential ones. The ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' marks titular sees of the former class with the abbreviation ''Metr.'' and the others with ''Arciv.''<ref name="AP2012" />{{rp|819}}

Many of the titular sees to which [[nuncio]]s and heads of departments of the Roman Curia who are not cardinals are assigned are not of archiepiscopal rank. In that case the person who is appointed to such a position is given the personal title of archbishop (''ad personam''). They are usually referred to as archbishop of the see, not as its archbishop-bishop.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===Archbishops emeriti===
If an archbishop resigns his see without being transferred to another, as in the case of retirement or assignment to head a department of the [[Roman Curia]], the word ''[[emeritus]]'' is added to his former title, and he is called archbishop emeritus of his former see. Until 1970, such archbishops were transferred to a titular see.

There can be several archbishops emeriti of the same see: the 2008 ''Annuario Pontificio'' listed three living archbishops emeriti of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Taipei|Taipei]].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio'' 2008, p. 733</ref>

There is no archbishop emeritus of a titular see; an archbishop who holds a titular see keeps it until death or until transferred to another see.

In the [[Anglican Communion]], retired archbishops formally revert to being addressed as "bishop" and styled "The Right Reverend",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/contact-us/addressingtheclergy.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117080143/https://www.churchofengland.org/contact-us/addressingtheclergy.aspx|archive-date=2011-11-17|website=Church of England website|title=Addressing the Clergy|quote=See note 3}}</ref> although they may be appointed "archbishop emeritus" by their province on retirement, in which case they retain the title "archbishop" and the style "The Most Reverend", as a right.<ref>See the example of [http://anglicancentre.churchinsight.com/Groups/199808/Anglican_Centre_in/Contacts_Our_story/Director_and_Staff/The_Director_Archbishop/The_Director_Archbishop.aspx Archbishop David Moxon], for example.</ref> Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] was a prominent example, as archbishop emeritus of Cape Town. Former archbishops who have not received the status of archbishop emeritus may still be informally addressed as "archbishop" as a courtesy,<ref>See "How to address the Clergy" in [http://www.crockford.org.uk/standard.asp?id=116 Crockford Clerical Directory, section "Archbishops", subsection "Notes".]</ref> unless they are subsequently appointed to a bishopric (not an archbishopric), in which case the courtesy ceases.<ref>See final notes on the Archbishops page of [http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/professions/religion/church-england/other-archbishops-anglican-communion-wales-armagh Debretts] forms of address.</ref>

===Privileges of archbishops===
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While there is no difference between the official dress of archbishops, as such, and that of other bishops, Roman Catholic metropolitan archbishops are distinguished by the use in liturgical ceremonies of the [[pallium]], but only within the province over which they have oversight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1I.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law: text - IntraText CT|website=www.intratext.com|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref>

Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops are styled "The Most Reverend" and addressed as "Your Excellency" in most cases. In [[English-speaking]] countries (except the United States), a Catholic archbishop is addressed as "Your Grace", while a Catholic bishop is addressed as "Your Lordship". Before December 12, 1930, the title "Most Reverend" was only for archbishops, while bishops were styled as "Right Reverend".<ref>''Canon Law Digest,'' Bouscaren, Vol. 1, Page 20. [http://www.archbalt.org/about-us/the-Archdiocese/our-history/people/graessel.cfm Rt. Rev. Dominic Laurence Graessel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205045950/http://www.archbalt.org/about-us/the-archdiocese/our-history/people/graessel.cfm |date=2013-02-05 }}. [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore]]. Retrieved on 2016-11-19.</ref> This practice is still followed by Catholic bishops in the [[United Kingdom]] to mirror that of the [[Church of England]].

In Roman Catholic [[Ecclesiastical heraldry|heraldry]], an archbishop has an ecclesiastical hat called a [[galero]] with ten tassels on each side of his [[coat of arms]], while a bishop has only six. The archiepiscopal cross behind the shield has two bars instead of one. Such a cross may be borne before him in liturgical processions.

In processions and other occasions where strict protocol is observed, archbishops are ranked higher than [[diocesan bishop]]s in the [[Order of precedence in the Catholic Church|order of precedence]].

In the [[Anglican Communion]], archbishops are styled "The Most Reverend" and addressed as "Your Grace", while bishops are styled "The Right Reverend" and addressed as "My Lord" or "Your Lordship". (In some countries, this usage is followed also by the Roman Catholic Church, but in others no distinction is made and "The Most Reverend" and "Your Excellency" are used for archbishops and bishops alike.) Anglican archbishops are entitled to be preceded by a server carrying an archiepiscopal processional cross (with two bars instead of one) in liturgical processions.<ref>This Anglican [https://archive.today/20140911111258/http://library.episcopalchurch.org/gallery/episcopal-news-service-archives?page=2%23content news agency page] has photographs of two-barred crosses being carried by Archbishop George Carey and by Presiding Bishop Frank Griswold.</ref> The [[archbishop of Canterbury]]'s metropolitical processional cross is always carried before him by a priest-chaplain, and (like other archbishops) is a two-barred processional cross. However, the archbishop of Canterbury is also entitled to be preceded by the ancient primatial cross of Canterbury (still in ceremonial use) which is of an ornate historical design, made of precious metal, and with precious stones inserted, but unlike his metropolitical cross (or those of other archbishops) it is not double-barred.<ref>The primatial cross is illustrated at the [http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/2315 London SE1] community website.</ref>